1. cj46自升式钻井平台最大钻井深度
室内设计是从建筑设计中的装饰部分演变出来的,它是根据建筑物的使用性质、所处环境和相应标准,创造出合理、舒适、美观、满足人们物质生活和精神生活需要的室内环境。
学习基础知识
刚接触室内装饰设计,需要先学习一些室内设计的基础知识,比如美术基础知识、CAD、3D建模知识,这些都是需要学习的。
美术基础知识
室内设计需要用到的美术基础知识,包括透视、线条画法、构图、明暗、色彩等,我们简单介绍一下。因为是简介,受限于篇幅限制,提前给大家推荐一些学习资料:
10分钟快速掌握透视的基础知识:https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Ep4y1W7hA/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click
线条画法:https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1aK4y1o74Z/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click
明暗:https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1du411C7Ap/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click
构图:https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV12s411J7PD/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click
色彩:https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Y3411M7e5/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click
除了上面的这些资料,大家也可以自己在网上寻找资料,如我要自学网、b站等免费较多,勤学网较专业部分需要付费可供有进一步深入学习的读者。
透视
透视的基本原理:
视觉上产生近大远小、近宽远窄、近长远短、近实远虚的现象,就是形体透视。
透视包括一点透视、两点透视、三点透视。
关于透视的具体解说,大家也可以看下视频课程。
素描透视的认识:https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1DQ4y1C7rG/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click
平行(一点)透视
物体与画面平行,底面与地面平行,视线上有一个中心消失点的透视现象,为平行透视,只有一个消失点,又被称为一点透视。
成角(两点)透视
物体一面与地面平行,其他面与画面形成角度,叫成角透视,分别消失于两个余点,又可叫两点透视。
斜角透(三点)视
此现象的前提是物体么有任何一条边缘或面与画面平行,物体与视线形成角度,会形成延伸现象,并消失与3个点。又叫三点透视,为高度空间的透视现象。当物体低于眼睛,即俯视物体,消失点在水平线之下。反之,仰视物体时,物体高于眼睛,消失点在水平线之上。
灭点:指的是立体图形各点延伸线向消失延伸的相交点。
线条基本画法
任何画都是由无数条线组合而成的,画线条时要干脆利落不要过于生硬。
直线:直线是最常用的一种线,它分为快线和慢线两种。慢线比较好掌握,而快线就需要一定时间来练习了。快线表现出来的画面更具有视觉冲击力,画面效果更富有生命力和灵动性。
竖线:竖线是较难画的一种线,在建筑、景观、规划中最为常用。画竖线力度要均匀分配到整个手臂,重点加大手与纸之间的摩擦。
曲线:曲线要根据画面情况而定,如果很细的图,为了避免画歪、画斜而影响画面整体效果。我们可以用慢线的形式来画。
折线:折线是线条中最难画的一种,有以下3种情况。
马克笔技法
平移:下笔时要把笔头完全压在纸面上,快速、果断的画出。
线:要用宽笔头的笔尖来画,每层颜色过度用的线不要太多。
点:一般用在画植物、草地等地方,活泼画面气氛,在画点的时候要注意要将笔头完全贴于纸面。
扫笔:在运笔时快速抬起笔,用笔触留下一条“尾巴”,多适用于浅色。
蹭笔:用马克笔快速来回蹭出一个面,使画面质感过度更加柔和、干净。
会出现的问题
运笔太慢:
纸没有完全压在笔上:
画的时候犹豫:
点的时候太过僵硬:
构图基本规律
构图就是搭建画面的骨架关系,是将众多的视觉元素进行有机的安排、组合。以达到视觉上的审美要求。
构图是手绘画面中十分重要的的基础环节,在深入刻画之前,应该选择合适的视角,恰当、协调的安排布置各个对象在画画中的面积、位置、比例等关系以及体块之间的各种关系。理想的构图需要做到平衡中求变化、变化中求统一。
明暗
有光就有明暗。
通常光照射物体,会产生受光面、背光面、反光面,我们把看到这整体场景关系称作明暗。
在绘画时要注意整幅画的明暗关系,打好明暗交界线之后,用较浅的色调画大体的明暗,要借助大体的明暗呈现来调整轮廓和形体的关系。
光线直线前进
放射线状的太阳光源和照亮一点的手电光源都是笔直地前进的。
任何物体离光源越远,光的影响越弱,颜色越暗色,这种性质无论在空气中、水中、玻璃中等地方都不会改变。
光会反射
①反射光
每个物体的光反射率不同,物体的质感表现也会发生变化,反射率越低颜色越发黑,反射率越高颜色越高光。
②反射光
因为光线会反射,所以物体的橙色会在地板上变成淡蓝色。
举例
球形的画法:
1、通过正方形来切出圆的基本型,表现出明暗交界线和投影形状。
2、铺出暗部、投影和亮部背景,注意画明暗交界线时是用短直线相衔接来表现这一弧形的。
3、用浅色调将暗部统一为一体,然后从明暗交界线逐步加强,使之在统一中寻找变化。
4、在调整过程中要针对影响整体效果的地方进行修改,使画面节奏关系和谐统一。
色彩运用
色彩基本概念:
1、色相:表示色的特质,例如红、橙、黄、绿、青、蓝、紫等,表示色彩相貌的差异。
2、明度:表示色彩的强度,即亮度和深浅程度,白色物体反射率最高,所以明度就最高,黑色物体则反之。
3、纯度:即是色的饱和度。在色彩不断混入白色,那么该色相的明度就会越来越高,而纯度越来越低;如果色彩不断混入黑色,它的纯度和明度都会同时下降。
冷色
青、蓝、紫色以及由它们构成的色调,具有寒冷、理智、平静等感觉,我们称为冷色。
暖色
桔、黄、红色以及由它们构成的色调,会产生温暖、热情、激动、危险等感觉,我们称为暖色。
充分利用这些特性可以在一定程度上改变空间尺度、比例、分隔、渗透空间,改善空间效果。
而这些色彩的作用可以总结为:膨胀色和收缩色,前进色和后退色,上升色与下坠色。
暖色具有膨胀感,冷色具有收缩感:
小户型房屋设计的时候,家具选择收缩色,可以让家具显得更加小巧;而增加房间里膨胀色的比例则会让房间感觉更大,比如将白色、米色、原木色或者淡黄色一类柔和的浅色运用在墙面、地面及大件家具上。
暖色具有前进感,冷色具有后退感。
空间过高、走廊过长时,可用前进色,减弱空旷感;小户型选择高光度地板配合后退色墙面,可以改善空间狭小感受。
浅色有上升感,深色有下坠感。
利用色彩的上升感和下坠感,把颜色重心放在地面,通过空间上的反差,可以让整体更加简约清新。面积小,层高低的户型运用这种装修风格,会让空间显得更大更敞亮。
我们一般把室内的色彩分为以下几类:
背景色:面积最大的部分的颜色,即墙面、地面、顶面的颜色;
主色:空间内的主体的颜色,比如大件家具,客厅的沙发、餐厅的餐桌、卧室的床品颜色;
配色:一般是面积比主体小一点的物件的颜色,比如单人沙发、茶几、边几、餐椅、床头柜等色彩;
点缀色:体积最小,一般是靠枕、花瓶、绿植、摆设等颜色。
搭配时可以采用主色彩占60%,次要色彩占30%,辅助色彩占10%这样一个搭配比例。
同一空间配色不得超过三种,其中白色、黑色不算色彩比例。也就是说,如果墙面是白色,那么大件家具如沙发、窗帘的色彩比例可以是60%。
进行色彩搭配时,我们需要用到色环,可以从邻近色、互补色、同类色、对比色来选出次要色彩和辅助色彩。
1、单色调搭配
以一个色相作为整个室内色彩的主调,可以取得宁静、安祥的效果,在进行单色调搭配时,要注意通过明度和亮度的变化,加强对比,也可适当加入黑白无彩色作为必要的调剂,让空间更加和谐。
2、相似色调搭配
相似色调搭配是通过同类色和邻近色,在色环上选出二三种互相接近的颜色,如黄,橙、橙红,蓝,蓝紫、紫等,呈现比较柔和的质感,并调动明度纯度的比例对比,来达到高级质感配色。
3、互补色调搭配
互补色调也可以叫作对比色调,通过色环上的两个互补色,如青与橙、红与绿、黄与紫,进行配色。在搭配时要避免1:1等比配色,并通过降低明度和亮度柔和色彩过强的对比效果,使其变“灰”而获得平静高级的效果。
4、无彩色调搭配
全屋使用由黑、灰、白色组成的无彩系搭配,是一种非常高级的色彩搭配形式,非常平静素雅。在室内设计中,粉白色、米色、灰白色以及每种高明度色相,也可以认为是无彩色。
CAD基础知识
学习CAD要先学习工具,只有把工具学会了,在做室内设计的时候才可以灵活画出图纸。
下面我先简单介绍下工具使用的方法,如果想要更详细的课程可以看下视频课程。
CAD教程之基本工具的使用:https://www.bilibili.com/video/av843683899/
工具的使用
AutoCAD软件具有操作简单、功能强大等特点,它已被广泛应用于设计领域,学习AutoCAD也是学习室内设计最基础的步骤。
初学CAD需要了解操作界面的布局,只有了解软件的界面布局,才能方便地与他人交流,才可以领会各种教程和技巧,在操作时迅速地找到目标功能。
不同版本的CAD界面基本类似,在低版本的AUTOCAD 2007中,使用的是传统的菜单、工具栏界面,如下图所示。
后期版本,CAD中改成了跟OFFICE软件新版一样的RIBBON功能面板界面,如下图所示。
其实两种界面并没有太大的差别,命令面板只是用图标按钮替换了旧版的菜单项。
访问工具栏
工具栏放置了一些最基础、也是频率比较高的功能,如打开、保存、打印等,方便用户随时快速调用这些功能,可以根据需要自定义快速访问工具栏,将自己最常用的功能添加到工具栏中。点后面的下拉箭头,可以显示一个菜单,可以在顶部勾选要显示在快速访问工具栏中的命令,也可以点“更多命令....”添加其他命令,如下图所示。
功能区选项卡
放置各种工具图标,用于调用CAD的绘图、编辑、管理等各种功能,根据功能使用频率和作用分类组成了默认、插入、注释、管理等一系列选型卡,每个选项卡由一系列功能面板组成。单击标签可以切换到不同的选项卡,对于初学者来说,“默认”选项卡下的功能基本就够用了。
功能面板
选项卡由一系列功能面板组合而成,例如默认选项卡会包括绘图、修改、图层、注释、块、特性等一系列命令面板组成,每个面板则由功能图标组成,图标有大有小,一些重要或常用功能被设置成大图标,其他图标设置成小图标。
文件标签栏
显示文件的名称,当打开多个图纸文件时,可以通过单击文件标签栏的名字切换图纸,也可以通过在标签上右键,保存、关闭图纸。浩辰CAD2008版就有这个功能了,AutoCAD 2014上版本才有这个功能。
图形窗口
创建、显示和编辑图形的区域,说简单点就是我们画图的地方。CAD的图形窗口提供了一个虚拟的三维空间,理论上无限大,也可以无限小,我们可以在这个空间绘制平面图形或创建三维模型。
命令历史
命令行窗口的一部分,用于显示命令执行的历史,初学者可以通过拖动上边界增加显示的行数,注意观察命令的提示和执行过程,有助于我们更快地掌握CAD命令,如下图所示。
命令行
跟WORD、PS等常用软件不同,CAD软件可以通过输入命令名或简化命令(命令别名)来执行所有命令,命令还有参数和提示来引导我们完成后面的操作。刚开始我们可能不记得命令,会在功能区中点图标来执行命令,此时也要注意看命令行的提示,它可以引导我们完成命令,并且可以更清楚了解命令的参数和变化。
在CAD高版本还增加了“自动完成”的功能,当我们输入字母的时候会显示相关的命令,如果我们不记得完整命令名的时候通过输入一两个字母就可以找到我们需要的命令,如下图所示。
命令历史和命令行是一个整体,叫命令行窗口,通常固定到底部,也可以拖动成浮动状态或放到顶部,也可以关闭,用CTRL+9可以打开和关闭命令行。
模型布局标签
CAD分模型空间和布局空间,通常模型空间用来画图,布局空间用来排图打印。布局涉及的概念比较多,初学者可以暂时不用管,后面还会详细介绍。
状态栏
状态栏可以显示当前光标的坐标,然后还有一些常用的绘图辅助工具,例如捕捉、极轴、栅格等,通过状态栏可以快速开关这些工具,此外,还有一些功能性按钮。
低版本状态栏按钮比较少,可以切换成文字显示,高版本状态栏图标太多,很多功能我们平时可能用不上,可以自己关掉一些,如下图所示。
特性面板(属性框)
CAD还有一些重要的界面控件,例如特性面板、图层特性等等,有些我们后面会专门介绍,这里首先要说一下特性面板。用特性面板可以查看和编辑图形的一些参数和特性,对于大家链接图形很有帮助。特性面板可以根据需要打开关闭,快捷键是CTRL+1,有时双击一些图形也会打开特性面板,如下图所示。
我们可以看到一个圆除了几何图形的参数,如圆心坐标、半径、周长、面积扥高以外,上面还有一些常规特性,如颜色、图层、线型、线宽等常规特性,这些特性都是CAD赋予图形的一些特性,这些特性可以方便我们更好地管理和打印图形,这些常规特性的作用是学习CAD必须要掌握的。
CAD常用功能
常用CTRL,ALT快捷键
ALT+TK 如快速选择
ALT+NL 线性标注 ALT+VV4 快速创建四个视口
ALT+MUP提取轮廓
Ctrl+B: 栅格捕捉模式控制(F9)
Ctrl+C: 将选择的对象复制到剪切板上
Ctrl+F: 控制是否实现对象自动捕捉(F3)
Ctrl+G: 栅格显示模式控制(F7)
Ctrl+J: 重复执行上一步命令
Ctrl+K: 超级链接
Ctrl+N: 新建图形文件
Ctrl+M: 打开选项对话框
Ctrl+O:打开图象文件
Ctrl+P:打开打印对话框
Ctrl+S:保存文件
Ctrl+U:极轴模式控制(F10)
Ctrl+v:粘贴剪贴板上的内容
Ctrl+W:对象追 踪式控制(F11)
Ctrl+X:剪切所选择的内容
Ctrl+Y:重做
Ctrl+Z:取消前一步的操作
Ctrl+1:打开特性对话框
Ctrl+2:打开图象资源管理器
Ctrl+3:打开工具选项板
Ctrl+6:打开图象数据原子
Ctrl+8或QC:快速计算器
尺寸标注
DRA:半径标注
DDI:直径标注
DAL:对齐标注
DAN:角度标注
END:捕捉到端点
MID:捕捉到中点
INT:捕捉到交点
CEN:捕捉到圆心
QUA:捕捉到象限点
TAN:捕捉到切点
PER:捕捉到垂足
NOD:捕捉到节点
NEA:捕捉到最近点
AA:测量区域和周长(area)
ID:指定坐标
LI:指定集体(个体)的坐标
AL:对齐(align)
AR: 阵列(array)
AP:加载*lsp程系
AV:打开视图对话框(dsviewer)
SE:打开对象自动捕捉对话框
ST:打开字体设置对话框(style)
SO:绘制二围面( 2d solid)
SP:拼音的校核(spell)
SC:缩放比例 (scale)
SN:栅格捕捉模式设置(snap)
DT:文本的设置(dtext)
DI:测量两点间的距离
OI:插入外部对象
LE:引线标注
ST:单行文本输入
La:图层管理器
绘图命令
A:绘圆弧
B:定义块
C:画圆
D:尺寸资源管理器
E:删除
F:倒圆角
G:对象组合
H:填充
I:插入
J:对接
S:拉伸
T:多行文本输入
W:定义块并保存到硬盘中
L:直线
M:移动
X:炸开
V:设置当前坐标
U:恢复上一次操作
O:偏移
P:移动
Z:缩放
提高效率技巧
1、作图步骤:设置图幅→设置单位及精度→建立若干图层→设置对象样式→开始绘图。
2、绘图始终使用1:1比例。为改变图样的大小,可以在打印时于图纸空间内设置不同的打印比例。
3、为不同类型的图元对象设置不同的图层、颜色及线宽,而图元对的颜色、线型及线宽都应由图层控制(LAYER)。
4、需精确绘图时,可使用栅格捕捉功能,并将栅格捕捉间距设为适当的数值。
5、不要将图框和图形绘在同一幅图中,应在布局(LAYOUT)中将图框按块插入,然后打印出图。
6、对于有名对象,如视图、图层、图块、线型、文字样式、打印样式等,命名时不仅要简明,而且要遵循一定的规律,以便于查找和使用。
7、将一些常用设置,如图层、标注样式、文字样式、栅格捕捉等内容设置在一图形模板文件中(即另存为*.DWF),以后绘制新图时,可以创建新图形向导中单击“使用模板”来打开它,并开始绘图。
下面是一些实战练习的图纸案例,大家可以看看。
3ds max基础知识
3dmax是一款专业的三维建模工具,它功能繁多,所有操作都可以在界面中找到。
打开3dmax后,我们可以看到它的界面主要包括【菜单栏】、【主工具栏】、【功能区】、【视口】、【状态栏控件】、【动画控件】、【命令面板】、【时间尺】、【视口导航】、【场景资源管理器】10大部分,如图所示。
各部分介绍如下
①菜单栏:很多功能都在菜单栏中,可以执行相应的操作。
②主工具栏:提供3dmax中许多最常用的命令。
③功能区:包含一组工具,可用于建模、绘制到场景中以及添加人物。
④视口:可从多个角度显示场景,并预览照明、阴影、景深和其他效果。
⑤状态栏控件:显示场景和活动命令的提示和状态信息。
⑥动画控件:可以创建动画,并在视口内播放动画。
⑦命令面板:可以访问提供创建和修改几何体、添加灯光、控制动画等功能的工具。
⑧时间尺:可拖动时间尺,查看动画效果。
⑨视口导航:使用这些按钮可以在活动视口中导航场景。
⑩场景资源管理器:可以在该管理器中对不同的对象进行管理。
菜单栏
菜单栏位于窗口的最上方,每个菜单的标题表明该菜单上命令的用途。菜单栏中主要包含14个菜单项,分别为【文件】、【编辑】、【工具】、【组】、【视图】、【创建】、【修改器】、【动画】、【图形编辑器】、【渲染】、【Civil View】、【自定义】、【脚本】、【帮助】,如图所示。
1、【文件】菜单
在【文件】菜单中,会出现很多操作文件的命令,包括【新建】、【重置】、【打开】、【保存】、【另存为】、【导入】、【导出】等命令。
2、【编辑】菜单
在【编辑】菜单中可以对文件进行编辑操作,如【撤销】、【重做】、【暂存】、【取回】、【删除】、【克隆】、【移动】、【旋转】、【缩放】等命令。
3、【工具】菜单
在【工具】菜单可以对对象进行常用操作,如【镜像】、【阵列】、【对齐】等,更方便的方式是在主工具栏中创建。
4、【组】菜单
【组】菜单中的命令可将多个物体组在一起,还可以解组、打开组等操作。
5、【视图】菜单
【视图】菜单中的命令用来控制视图的显示方式以及视图的相关参数设置。
6、【创建】菜单
在【创建】菜单中可以创建模型、灯光、粒子等对象,更方便的方式是在【创建面板】中创建。
7、【修改器】菜单
在【修改器】菜单中可为对象添加修改器,更方便的方式是在【修改面板】中添加修改器。
8、【动画】菜单
【动画】菜单主要用来制作动画,包括正向动力学、反向动力学、骨骼的创建和修改等命令。
9、【图形编辑器】菜单
【图形编辑器】菜单是3dmax中以图形可视化功能的集合,包括【轨迹视图-曲线编辑器】、【轨迹视图-摄影表】、【新建图解视图】等。
10、【渲染】菜单
在【渲染】菜单中可以使用与渲染相关的功能,如【渲染】【渲染设置】【环境】等。
11、【Civil View】菜单
【Civil View】菜单是一款供土木工程师和交通运输基础设施规划人员使用的可视化工具。
12、【自定义】菜单
【自定义】菜单用来更改用户界面或系统设置。
13、【脚本】菜单
在【脚本】菜单中可以进行语言设计,包括新建脚本、打开脚本、运行脚本等命令。
14、【帮助】菜单
在【帮助】菜单中可以学习3dmax的帮助文件、了解新版本功能、搜索3dmax命令等。
主工具栏
主工具栏中包括了很多3dmax中用于执行常见任务的工具和对话框,主工具栏位于主窗口的菜单栏下面,这些工具按钮按照具体功能,大致可以划分为11大类。
1、撤销和重做工具
在3dmax中操作失误时,可以单击撤消向前返回上一步操作(快捷键为Ctrl+Z),也可单击重做向后返回一步。
2、链接绑定类工具
链接绑定类工具包括3个,分别为【选择并链接】工具、【断开当前选择链接】工具、【绑定到空间扭曲】工具。
【选择并链接】工具用于链接对象和对象之间的父子关系,链接后的子模型会跟随父模型进行移动。
【断开当前选择链接】工具与【选择并链接】工具的作用恰好相反,可断开链接好的父子关系。
【绑定到空间扭曲】工具可以将粒子与空间扭曲之间进行绑定。
3、对象选择类工具
对象选择类工具可以使用更合适的选择方式选择对象。对象选择类工具包括5个,分别为【过滤器】、【选择对象】工具、【按名称选择】按钮、【选择区域】工具、【窗口/交叉】工具。
使用【过滤器】可以只允许选择一类对象(例如灯光对象),不容易操作出错。
【选择对象】工具主要用于选择一个或多个对象,按住Ctrl键可以进行加选,按住Alt键可以进行减选。
单击【按名称选择】按钮会弹出【从场景选择】对话框,在该对话框中可以按名称选择所需要的对象。
选择区域工具包含5种模式,分别是【矩形选择区域】工具、【圆形选择区域】工具、【围栏选择区域】工具、【套索选择区域】工具和【绘制选择区域】工具。可以使用不同的选择区域形状进行选择对象。
【窗口/交叉】工具用于设置在框选对象时,是以哪种方式选择。其中当【窗口/交叉】工具处于突出状态(即未激活状态)时,只要选择的区域碰到对象,即可被选择。当【窗口/交叉】工具处于凹陷状态(即激活状态)时,选择的区域必须完全覆盖对象,才可被选择。
4、对象操作类工具
对象操作类工具可以对对象进行基本操作,如移动、选择、缩放等,是一些非常常用的工具。
使用【选择并旋转】工具可以沿X、Y、Z三个轴向的任意轴向旋转。
【选择并缩放】工具包含3种,分别是【选择并均匀缩放】工具、【选择并非均匀缩放】工具和【选择并挤压】工具。
使用【选择并放置】工具可将一个对象准确地放到另一个对象的表面,例如把凳子放在地上。
【参考坐标系】可以用来指定变换操作(如移动、旋转、缩放等)所使用的坐标系统,包括视图、屏幕、世界、父对象、局部、万向、栅格、工作区、局部对齐和拾取10种坐标系。
【轴点中心】工具包含【使用轴点中心】工具、【使用选择中心】工具和【使用变换坐标中心】工具3种,使用这些工具可以设置模型的轴点中心位置。
使用【选择并操纵】工具可以在视图中通过使用拖曳【操纵器】来编辑修改器、控制器和某些对象的参数。
使用【键盘快捷键覆盖切换】工具可以在只使用“主用户界面”快捷键和同时使用主快捷键和组(如编辑/可编辑网格、轨迹视图、NURBS等)快捷键之间进行切换。
5、精准类工具
精准类工具可以使模型在创建时更准确,包括捕捉开关、角度捕捉切换、百分比捕捉切换、微调器捕捉切换。
【捕捉开关】工具包括【2D捕捉】工具、【2.5D捕捉】工具和【3D捕捉】工具3种。
【角度捕捉切换】工具可以用来指定捕捉的角度(快捷键为A键)。激活该工具后,角度捕捉将影响所有的旋转变换,在默认状态下以5°为增量进行旋转。
【百分比捕捉切换】工具可以将对象缩放捕捉到自定的百分比(快捷键为Shift+Ctrl+P),在缩放状态下,默认每次的缩放百分比为10%。
【微调器捕捉切换】工具可以用来设置微调器单次单击的增加值或减少值。
6、选择集类工具
选择集类工具包括【管理选择集】工具和【创建选择集】工具。
【管理选择集】工具可以为单个或多个对象进行命名。选中一个对象后,单击【管理选择集】按钮可以打开【命名选择集】对话框,在该对话框中就可以为选择的对象进行命名。
【管理选择集】工具,并单击【创建新集】工具后即可创建新集,此时可以单击该工具选择集,如图所示。
7、镜像对齐类工具
镜像对齐类工具包括【镜像】工具和【对齐】工具,这两个工具是比较常用的,可以准确的复制和对齐模型。
使用【镜像】工具可以围绕一个轴心镜像出一个或多个副本对象。
对齐工具可以使两个对象按照一定的方式对齐位置。鼠标左键长按【对齐】工具,对齐工具包括6种类型,分别是【对齐】工具、【快速对齐】工具、【法线对齐】工具、【放置高光】工具、【对齐摄影机】工具和【对齐到视图】工具。
【快速对齐】方式可以立即将当前选择对象的位置与目标对象的位置进行对齐。
【法线对齐】基于每个对象的面或是以选择的法线方向来对齐两个对象。
【放置高光】方式可以将灯光或对象对齐到另一个对象,以便可以精确定位其高光或反射。
【对齐摄影机】方式可以将摄影机与选定的面法线进行对齐。
【对齐到视图】方式可以将对象或子对象的局部轴与当前视图进行对齐。
8、资源管理器类工具
资源管理器类工具包括【切换场景资源管理器】工具和【切换层资源管理器】工具,分别可以对场景资源和层资源进行管理操作。
【切换场景资源管理器】工具中可以查看、排序、过滤和选择对象,还提供了其他功能,用于重命名、删除、隐藏和冻结对象、创建和修改对象层次以及编辑对象属性。
【切换层资源管理器】工具可用来创建和删除层,也可用来查看和编辑场景中所有层的设置以及与其相关联的对象。
9、视图类工具
切换功能区、曲线编辑器、图解视图这3个工具可以调出3个不同的参数面板。
【切换功能区】可以切换是否显示【建模】工具,该建模工具是多边形建模方式的一种新型方式。单击主工具栏中的【切换功能区】按钮即可调出【建模】的工具栏,如图所示。
【曲线编辑器】按钮可以打开【轨迹视图-曲线编辑器】对话框。【曲线编辑器】是一种【轨迹视图】模式,可以用曲线来表示运动。
【图解视图】是基于节点的场景图,通过它可以访问对象的属性、材质、控制器、修改器、层次和不可见场景关系。
10、材质编辑器工具
【材质编辑器】工具可以完成对材质和贴图的设置。
11、渲染类工具
渲染类工具包括3种与渲染相关的工具,分别为渲染设置、渲染帧窗口和渲染产品。
【渲染设置】按钮(快捷键为F10)可以打开【渲染设置】对话框,所有的渲染设置参数基本上都在该对话框中完成。
【渲染帧窗口】按钮可以打开【渲染帧窗口】对话框,在该对话框中可执行选择渲染区域、切换图像通道和存储渲染图像等任务。
【渲染产品】工具、【渲染迭代】工具和ActiveShade工具3种类型。
功能区
单击主工具栏中的(切换功能区)按钮,即可调出和隐藏功能区。调出的功能区是用于多边形建模的,如图所示。
视口
3dmax界面中最大的区域就是视口,默认情况下视口包括4部分,分别是顶视图(快捷键为T)、前视图(快捷键为F)、左视图(快捷键为L)、透视图(快捷键为P),如图所示。
例如,单击前视图中右上导航器左侧的小图标,模型会转动到左侧,并且视图左上方变成了【正交】,若想再次切换回【前视图】,则只需要按快捷键F即可切换回来,如图所示。
单击视图左上方的四个按钮,能分别弹出四个对话框,可以允许我们是否显示栅格、切换其他视图、设置照明和阴影、设置模型显示模式等,如图所示。
状态栏控件
状态栏位于轨迹栏的下方,它提供了选定对象的数目、类型、变换值和栅格数目等信息,并且状态栏可以基于当前光标位置和当前程序活动来提供动态反馈信息,如图所示。
迷你侦听器:用于MAXScript语言的交互翻译器,它与DOS命令提示窗口类似。
状态栏:此处可显示选中了几个对象。
提示行:此处会提示我们将如何操作当前使用的工具。
孤立当前选择切换:单击该按钮将只选择该对象。
选择锁定切换:单击该按钮可以锁定该对象,此时其他对象将无法选择。
绝对模式变换输入:单击可切换绝对模式变换输入或偏移模式变换输入。
相对/绝对变换输入:可在此处的X、Y、Z后方输入数值。
自适应降级:启用该工具,在操作场景时会更流畅。
栅格:此处显示栅格数值。
时间标记:单击可以添加和编辑标记。
动画控件
动画控件位于状态栏的右侧,这些按钮主要用来控制动画的播放效果,包括关键点控制和时间控制等,如图所示。
命令面板
命令面板由6个用户界面面板组成,使用这些面板可以找到3dmax的大多数建模功能,以及一些动画功能、显示选择和其他工具,3dmax每次只有一个面板可见。6个面板分别为【创建】面板、【修改】面板、【层次】面板、【运动】面板、【显示】面板和【实用程序】面板,如图所示。
进入【创建】面板,其中包括7种对象,分别是【几何体】、【图形】、【灯光】、【摄影机】、【辅助对象】、【空间扭曲】和【系统】,如图所示。
几何体:用来创建几何体模型,如长方体、球体等。
图形:用来创建样条线和NURBS曲线,如线、圆、矩形等。
灯光:用来创建场景中的灯光,如目标灯光、泛光灯。
摄影机:用来创建场景中的摄影机。
辅助对象:用来创建有助于场景制作的辅助对象。
空间扭曲:用来创建空间扭曲对象,常搭配粒子使用。
系统:用来创建系统工具,如骨骼、环形阵列等。
【修改】面板用于修改对象的参数,还可以为对象添加修改器。
【层次】面板中可以访问调整对象间层次链接的工具,通过将一个对象与另一个对象相链接,可以创建对象之间的父子关系,包括【轴】、【IK】和【链接信息】3种工具。
【运动】面板中的参数用来调整选定对象的运动属性。
【显示】面板中的参数用来设置场景中的控制对象的显示方式。
【实用程序】面板中包括几个常用的实用程序,例如塌陷、测量等。
时间尺
【时间尺】包括【时间线滑块】和【轨迹栏】两大部分,如图所示。
时间线滑块:位于3dmax界面下方,拖动时可以设置当前帧位于哪个位置,还可以单击向左箭头图标与向右箭头图标向前或者向后移动一帧。
轨迹栏:位于【时间线滑块】下方,用于显示时间线的帧数和添加关键点的位置。
视口导航
视口导航控制按钮在状态栏的最右侧,主要用来控制视图的显示和导航,使用这些按钮可以缩放、平移和旋转活动的视图,如图所示。
缩放:使用该工具可以在透视图或正交视图中通过拖拽光标来调整对象的大小。
视野:使用该工具可以设置视野透视效果。
缩放所有视图:使用该工具可以同时调整所有视图的缩放效果。
平移视图:使用该工具可以将选定视图平移到任何位置。
最大化显示选定对象:使用该工具可以将选中的对象最大化显示在该视图中,快捷键为Z。
环绕子对象:使用该工具可以使当前视图产生环绕旋转的效果。
所有视图最大化显示选定对象:使用该工具可以将选中的对象最大化显示在所有视图中。
最大化视口切换:单击该按钮可以切换一个视图或四个视图。
3ds max快捷键
显示降级适配(开关) 【O】
适应透视图格点 【Shift】+【Ctrl】+【A】
排列 【Alt】+【A】
角度捕捉(开关) 【A】
动画模式 (开关) 【N】
改变到后视图 【K】
背景锁定(开关) 【Alt】+【Ctrl】+【B】
前一时间单位 【.】
改变到上(Top)视图 【T】
改变到底(Bottom)视图 【B】
改变到相机(Camera)视图 【C】
改变到前(Front)视图 【F】
改变到等大的用户(User)视图 【U】
改变到右(Right)视图 【R】
改变到透视(Perspective)图 【P】
循环改变选择方式 【Ctrl】+【F】
默认灯光(开关) 【Ctrl】+【L】
删除物体 【DEL】
当前视图暂时失效 【D】
是否显示几何体内框(开关) 【Ctrl】+【E】
显示第一个工具条 【Alt】+【1】
专家模式棿佑(开关) 【Ctrl】+【X】
暂存(Hold)场景 【Alt】+【Ctrl】+【H】
取回(Fetch)场景 【Alt】+【Ctrl】+【F】
冻结所选物体 【6】
跳到第一帧 【HOME】
显示/隐藏相机(Cameras) 【Shift】+【C】
显示/隐藏几何体(Geometry) 【Shift】+【O】
显示/隐藏网格(Grids) 【G】
显示/隐藏帮助(Helpers)物体 【Shift】+【H】
显示/隐藏光源(Lights) 【Shift】+【L】
显示/隐藏粒子系统(Particle Systems) 【Shift】+【P】
显示/隐藏空间扭曲(Space Warps)物体 【Shift】+【W】
锁定用户界面(开关) 【Alt】+【0】
匹配到相机(Camera)视图 【Ctrl】+【C】
材质(Material)编辑器【M】
最大化当前视图 (开关) 【W】
脚本编辑器 【F11】
新的场景 【Ctrl】+【N】
法线(Normal)对齐 【Alt】+【N】
向下轻推网格小键盘【-】
向上轻推网格小键盘【+】
NURBS表面显示方式【Alt】+【L】或【Ctrl】+【4】
NURBS调整方格2 【Ctrl】+【2】
NURBS调整方格3 【Ctrl】+【3】
偏移捕捉 【Alt】+【Ctrl】+【空格】
打开一个MAX文件 【Ctrl】+【O】
平移视图 【Ctrl】+【P】
交互式平移视图 【I】
放置高光(Highlight) 【Ctrl】+【H】
播放/停止动画 【/】
快速(Quick)渲染 【Shift】+【Q】
回到上一场景*作 【Ctrl】+【A】
回到上一视图*作 【Shift】+【A】
撤消场景*作 【Ctrl】+【Z】
撤消视图*作 【Shift】+【Z】
刷新所有视图 【1】
用前一次的参数进行渲染 【Shift】+【E】或【F9】
渲染配置 【Shift】+【R】或【F10】
在xy/yz/zx锁定中循环改变 【F8】
约束到X轴 【F5】
约束到Y轴 【F6】
透明显示所选物体(开关) 【Alt】+【X】
选择父物体 【PageUp】
选择子物体 【PageDown】
根据名称选择物体 【H】
选择锁定(开关) 【空格】
减淡所选物体的面(开关) 【F2】
显示所有视图网格(Grids)(开关) 【Shift】+【G】
显示/隐藏命令面板 【3】
显示/隐藏浮动工具条 【4】
显示最后一次渲染的图画 【Ctrl】+【I】
显示/隐藏主要工具栏【Alt】+【6】
显示/隐藏安全框 【Shift】+【F】
显示/隐藏所选物体的支架 【J】
显示/隐藏工具条 【Y】/【2】
百分比(Percent)捕捉(开关) 【Shift】+【Ctrl】+【P】
打开/关闭捕捉(Snap) 【S】
循环通过捕捉点 【Alt】+【空格】
声音(开关) 【\】
间隔放置物体 【Shift】+【I】
改变到光线视图 【Shift】+【4】
循环改变子物体层级 【Ins】
子物体选择(开关) 【Ctrl】+【B】
帖图材质(Texture)修正 【Ctrl】+【T】
加大动态坐标 【+】
减小动态坐标 【-】
激活动态坐标(开关) 【X】
精确输入转变量 【F12】
全部解冻 【7】
根据名字显示隐藏的物体 【5】
刷新背景图像(Background) 【Alt】+【Shift】+【Ctrl】+【B】
显示几何体外框(开关) 【F4】
视图背景(Background) 【Alt】+【B】
用方框(Box)快显几何体(开关) 【Shift】+【B】
打开虚拟现实 数字键盘【1】
虚拟视图向下移动 数字键盘【2】
虚拟视图向左移动 数字键盘【4】
虚拟视图向右移动 数字键盘【6】
虚拟视图向中移动 数字键盘【8】
虚拟视图放大 数字键盘【7】
虚拟视图缩小 数字键盘【9】
实色显示场景中的几何体(开关) 【F3】
全部视图显示所有物体 【Shift】+【Ctrl】+【Z】
*视窗缩放到选择物体范围(Extents) 【E】
缩放范围 【Alt】+【Ctrl】+【Z】
视窗放大两倍 【Shift】+数字键盘【+】
放大镜工具 【Z】
视窗缩小两倍 【Shift】+数字键盘【-】
根据框选进行放大 【Ctrl】+【w】
视窗交互式放大 【[】
视窗交互式缩小 【]】
轨迹视图
加入(Add)关键帧 【A】
前一时间单位 【<;】
下一时间单位 【>;】
编辑(Edit)关键帧模式 【E】
编辑区域模式 【F3】
编辑时间模式 【F2】
展开对象(Object)切换 【O】
展开轨迹(Track)切换 【T】
函数(Function)曲线模式 【F5】或【F】
锁定所选物体 【空格】
向上移动高亮显示 【↓】
向左轻移关键帧 【←】
向右轻移关键帧 【→】
位置区域模式 【F4】
回到上一场景*作 【Ctrl】+【A】
撤消场景*作 【Ctrl】+【Z】
用前一次的配置进行渲染 【F9】
渲染配置 【F10】
向下收拢 【Ctrl】+【↓】
向上收拢 【Ctrl】+【↑】
材质编辑器
用前一次的配置进行渲染 【F9】
渲染配置 【F10】
撤消场景*作 【Ctrl】+【Z】
示意(Schematic)视图
下一时间单位 【>;】
前一时间单位 【<;】
回到上一场景*作 【Ctrl】+【A】
绘制(Draw)区域 【D】
渲染(Render) 【R】
锁定工具栏(泊坞窗) 【空格】
草图大师基础
sketchup是一款主要面向室内外、园林等设计的三维设计软件,也常常被广大的设计师朋友们称为草图大师,因为相对于其他3d模型来说精细程度上的确是有一些差距,但是也是一款比较直观、灵活,易用的软件。
软件基础知识
我们想要掌握一款软件,那么软件的基础知识的掌握比较重要。比如说sketchup软件的基础工具,命令操作步骤。sketchup的基础工具主要是包括,二维的绘图工具,有画直线,矩形,圆,圆弧,多边形和手绘线等,然后是模型的编辑工具移动,旋转,缩放,推拉,路径跟随,偏移复制等。编辑工具是构建模型的常用命令。接着就是相关的测量工具和视图查看工具,最后就是导人视和剖面相关的命令。
下面是关于“环绕观察”是使用:
打开一个SketchUp文件,点按工具栏,环绕观察命令,在界面按下鼠标左键拖动可以实现环绕观察。
第2步,在其他工具下,如果想进行环绕观察,可以按下鼠标中间并拖动界面上下左右拖动,同样也可以实现环绕观察。
第3步居中显示,在任意工具下,单击鼠标滚轮,都可以让点击位置居中显示。
第4步,点按工具栏上的手型,也就是平移工具,然后在界面上按下鼠标左键拖动物体或画布,可以实现画布的平移。
第5步,在其他工具下,按下shift并按下鼠标中键拖动物体或画布,也可以实现画布的平移。
第6步,按下缩放工具后,在界面上按下鼠标左键,向上拖动放大显示界面,向下拖动会缩减显示界面,也可以通过向前或者向后滚动滚轮的方法实现该功能。
第7步,点按缩放范围会让界面中所有物体充满整个界面,该功能的快捷键是ctrl+shift+e或者另一个快捷键shift+z也可以实现该功能。
第8步,这两个命令是向前或者向后恢复视图。
详细的sketchup的基础工具介绍大家可以看看视频教程:
Sketchup基础工具【入门必备】:https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1ze411T7K9/
下面介绍下sketchup怎么建模
1、建模前的准备工作
一般我们的景观方案确定好后,就可以把方案按照具体尺寸落到cad上面,如图1,但是图1的cad化的平面,最后导入su是需要简化cad线稿的,简化后的cad线稿,如图2。
图1
图2
2、CAD线稿整理
①另存一个cad
命名不能用中文,因为汉字和字母的算法不一样,SU可能识别出错。
②炸开组件
将新的cad里面的组件炸开。因为有些CAD文件,可能是用天正等软件绘制,导入SU后会消失。
③删除一些影响平面整体性的线
再删除字体、标高,雕塑,景石,坐凳,灯具,铺装填充等等一些影响平面整体性的线。
④线条高度归零
SU是在一个平面上面建模的,所以线条需要统一标高。
⑤归同一个图层
将所以线条归在同一个图层,方便后面清理cad。
⑥pu清理cad
清理cad其他图层,目的减少cad内存,导入su的时候不占太多内存。
3、SU建模前的整理
①SU开始界面
SU开始界面,会让我们选择一个模板,这里以2015版本为例,我们可以选择建筑设计-毫米这个模板进去su。
②导入cad线稿
SU导入cad的时候,会出现一个窗口,右边选项,记得点击打钩全部选项还有选择单位为毫米。如图3
③炸开线稿
④线稿封面
一般需要用到插件(胚子库)来封面,可以节省很多时间。插件自己网上下载哈。如图5
图3
图4
图5
4、SU建模
①正面建模
Su有正反面之分,正面为白色,反面为蓝色,模型外面需要是正面,为了导入lumion渲染的时候,可以识别,lumion课程可以移步我们的其他教程分享。
②成组(组件)建模
按照一定原则清晰的分成组或者组件,目的是为了方便后期修改,不会受场景中的其他东西干扰。编辑速度也快。
③贴材质
材质可以吸已有的模型的材质来用,也可以自己制作需要的材质,如图6
④放置建筑
模型大体完成,这样就可以进入lumion渲染,如果目前只需要su出图的话,再进行第五步
⑤放置植物,人物,小品
SU出图效果也不错,放置一些植物,人物,小品来营造氛围
⑥植物配置
植物配置方式有多种形式,总结来说就是二个字“层次”。
图6
关于sketchup建模的课程,大家可以看看以下视频学习以下:
最简单的3D建模软件:https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV13K4y1Q76R/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click
从0到1,手把手带你学会SU建模:https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1dh411b7zf/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click
软件的快捷键
掌握快捷键知识,可以帮助我们在使用sketchup软件更加的流畅和方便,相对来说是一种进阶的知识。
学习资料推荐
《建筑装饰制图与识图(第4版)》紧密结合建筑装饰工程的实际应用,介绍了绘图工具的使用及制图的基本知识、画法几何基础知识、建筑及装饰制图与识图以及给排水、采暖与空调、建筑电气等设备施工图的识读等内容。书后附有装饰施工图实例,便于读者对照学习。
《中文版3ds Max 2020实用教程》
《3ds Max 2020+VRay效果图制作从入门到精通》
《室内设计精品集》集中了全国各地众多室内设计师在近两年所设计完成的优秀作品,涉及到住宅室内空间的各种类型,其中包括普通住宅、独立别墅、豪华公寓及各类样板间等。这些作品设计新颖、风格各异,有很多已经成为国内住宅室内空间设计的样板方案。
室内设计过程
室内设计的过程分为三个阶段,策划阶段、方案阶段、施工图阶段。
策划阶段
1、由甲方或业主提出要求,比如使用功能、经营理念、风格样式、投资费用等。
2、需要现场勘测,收集原始土建图纸资料。
3、由设计师与业主共同设计概念草图,草图需要反映功能、空间、技术、设计形式等方面。
方案阶段
1、在概念草图的基础上,深入设计,进行方案的分析和比较,比如功能分析、交通流线分析、空间使用情况分析、装修材料的比较选择。
2、与土建和装修的前后衔接,图纸需要设计承重结构、设施管道等。
施工图阶段
1、装修施工图
①设计说明、工程材料做法表、饰面材料分类表、装修门窗表;
②隔墙定位平面图、平面布置图、铺地平面图、天花布置图、放大平面图;
③立面图、剖面图
④大样图、详图
2、设备施工图
①给排水:系统、给排水布置、消防喷淋;
②电气:强电系统、灯具走线、开关插座、弱电系统、消防照明、消防监控;
③暖通:系统、空调布置
室内设计风格
现代风格
现代风格以流线型为主要设计,这种风格以平滑的表面,精心选择的家具以及中性或黑白配色的前卫艺术品闻名。现代主义的室内通常被称作“超现代空间”,采用木材、大理石和金属等的简单材料,与配色鲜明大胆的墙饰、照明灯具以及重要家具形成对比。
工业风格
工业风的设计灵感来源于工厂的翻新,工业风的设计以其质朴的哲学理念而闻名,即暴露管线、砖块、混凝土墙面和梁等建筑构件,这种室内设计风格通常还伴随着中性的色调,和混合着质朴材料的家具以及吊顶照明,与粗犷的空间形成对比。
北欧风格
这种风格在简洁的线条、简单实用的家具和充足的自然光中进一步被强调。此外在配色上,我们常见到全白的餐厅中置有黑色的雕塑或者黑白照片,它们创造一种出微妙而大胆的感觉。
日式北欧融合
自然材料的使用与光滑线条、温暖色调的平衡是现代日式美学的一大特点,与之不同的是,北欧风的室内色调以黑白灰为主,偶尔有中性色调以及金属点缀。现代日式与北欧设计结合,就形成了经典的美学。
复古风格
随着审美的发展,设计师需要在当代环境下重新构思旧风格,这种复古潮流一般是从20世纪下半叶中找寻灵感,常以明艳的色调、大胆的几何图案、花哨的装修或者中古家具的形式出现。
地中海风格
地中海风的设计以浅色而温暖的色调为特征,与蓝色和绿色形成对比,代表了阳光、海洋与郁郁葱葱的种植园。天然材料,如陶瓷、木材、纤维和锻铁的大量使用也常见于这类项目,此外还有装饰瓷砖表现地中海国家的植物群以及自然光。
极简主义设计
极简主义的室内设计使用最基本的物品来构建简单而干净的空间。它的特点是单色、功能性强、缺乏装饰和线条简洁,体现了“少即是多”的主张。
中式复古风格
中式复古风格是通过一些中式的装饰,装修出一种清雅高尚的风格。
中式装修在选材上也很是讲究,因为这是体现中式风格的一个重点部分,大家通常使用原木棕色来装修房屋,这样既温馨自然,也能充分的利用中式装修的古典元素。
在装饰品方面,最好都有中国元素在里面,像是屏风、山水画就是不错的选择,还可以加入一些盆栽,使屋内更加自然、漂亮。而且中国也非常讲究房屋的布局,讲究对称美,中式布局就是即使很小的空间也留有足够的空间供人活动。
新中式风格
新中式风格讲究空间的层次感与跳跃感。在需要隔绝视线的地方,则使用中式的屏风、窗棂、中式木门、工艺隔断、简约化的中式“博古架”等。通过这种新的分隔方式,单元式住宅就展现出中式家居的层次之美。再配以一些简约的造型为基础,添加了中式元素,使整体空间更加丰富,大而不空、厚而不重,有格调又不显压抑。
简约中式风格
中式简约装修风格整体兼有传统中式风格和现代简约风格之间,不会有中式那种沉闷,也不会有简约那种飘逸。沉稳大方是,不奢华,又不失品味。每一个房间,甚至在每一个角落都在简单的中式元素运用中沉淀出中国传统文化的魅力。
室内设计原则
1、 整体性设计原则:保证室内空间协调一致的美感;
2、 功能性设计原则:空间的使用功能如布局,界面装饰、陈设和环境气氛与功能统一;
3、 审美性设计原则:通过形,色、质、声、光等形式语言体现室内空间美感;
4、 技术性设计原则:一是比例尺度关系;二是材料应用和施工配合的关系;
5、 经济性设计原则:以最小的消耗达 到所需目的。
学习资料推荐
学习室内设计需要购买一些专门的学习教材,然后再配合视频教程系统学习,这样才能学的比较好。
教材:
1、《色彩构成》
2、《设计准则:成为自己的室内设计师》作者:伊莱恩·格里芬
本书内容:这本书讲述了许多不同的思维方式和习惯,不断地挑战你既定的认知。她分享了专业设计师设计每个房间用到的设计原则、尺寸、比例和道理,这些秘密很难在实践中学会
3、《室内设计师专用协调色搭配手册》作者:艾莉斯·芭珂丽
这篇实用指南为你提供200种经典配色方案。它将教你如何创造一个安静的卧室,宽敞的生活区和明亮、通风的厨房,探索哪些微妙的颜色组合可以唤起不同的情绪,创造不同的氛围。
4、《室内设计资料集》作者:张启曼,郑树阳
本书汇集了中央工艺美术学院环境艺术设计系30多年的教学和设计实践经验。它从艺术与技术的角度出发,既有丰富的理论指导,又有丰富的实践设计,包含了对国内外有很大参考价值的室内设计资料。是国内最全面、系统、实用的室内设计专业大型工具书。
视频课程:
室内设计零基础入门教程https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1mx411d7Zn/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click
cad室内设计施工图教程【全集】https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1dC4y1H7fZ/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click
彻底学会3DMAXhttps://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Xa411T74r/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click
除了以上的学习方法,我们还可以通过专门的室内设计资源网站资进行学习,如我要自学网、网易云课堂、Houzz、建E室内设计网、一兜糖、拓者设计吧、美间、中国设计联盟等等
%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"室内设计是从建筑设计中的装饰部分演变出来的,它是根据建筑物的使用性质、所处环境和相应标准,创造出合理、舒适、美观、满足人们物质生活和精神生活需要的室内环境。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XmMad2QeYoWSUCx8jP8cgAfvnSf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"学习基础知识","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LsakdsI2Ko8iiUxmQA3czsfBnwd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"刚接触室内装饰设计,需要先学习一些室内设计的基础知识,比如美术基础知识、CAD、3D建模知识,这些都是需要学习的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AW28duoIWowUuUx0okZczK3Enpf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"美术基础知识","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DS0KdqeiwoIucyxqgsscTAfxn9C"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"室内设计需要用到的美术基础知识,包括透视、线条画法、构图、明暗、色彩等,我们简单介绍一下。因为是简介,受限于篇幅限制,提前给大家推荐一些学习资料:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"U4Uqday2woGKaIxiQNkcjxGun5c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"10分钟快速掌握透视的基础知识:","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Ep4y1W7hA/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Ep4y1W7hA/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"U8cqdYceGo0ykkxOiJycSmspn3b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"线条画法:","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1aK4y1o74Z/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1aK4y1o74Z/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Gaomdqu2aoIsOOxEBgkcwMC1nuf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"明暗:","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1du411C7Ap/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1du411C7Ap/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IcC8dG4gOo22gMxeKlbcJTsLnBh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"构图:","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV12s411J7PD/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV12s411J7PD/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HGqGdQ0yWoMwQwxu6Enckp0pngg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"色彩:","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Y3411M7e5/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Y3411M7e5/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FQModekMUo8iuexiCkncDnkOnpf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"除了上面的这些资料,大家也可以自己在网上寻找资料,如我要自学网、b站等免费较多,勤学网较专业部分需要付费可供有进一步深入学习的读者。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OGIQdOgMSooSA0xctQpcbs3mnNc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"透视","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ge8gd2YacoGmKexgbW0cIUcan1b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"透视的基本原理:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DgcKdcc0Yo2wgIxjllccn5EEnb4"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"视觉上产生近大远小、近宽远窄、近长远短、近实远虚的现象,就是形体透视。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ow2wdc0kSoSOeOx8G4ZcRlQHnlc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"透视包括一点透视、两点透视、三点透视。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"O8q0dokSAom4ykx0aPncNOBunMf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"关于透视的具体解说,大家也可以看下视频课程。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PgUidQ2cyoGQa8x2R67cD5iJnMb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"素描透视的认识:","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1DQ4y1C7rG/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1DQ4y1C7rG/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"L46gdCgI6oUSG4xaU3UcLu3xnMg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"平行(一点)透视","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SYQudi4UyoEMcIxOIlgcL67in1d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"物体与画面平行,底面与地面平行,视线上有一个中心消失点的透视现象,为平行透视,只有一个消失点,又被称为一点透视。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PAEYdAeQgoY0mgxQ5L1cAXyhnbb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"成角(两点)透视","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XOy0d2uMuo4ymgxx243c1PYgntY"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"物体一面与地面平行,其他面与画面形成角度,叫成角透视,分别消失于两个余点,又可叫两点透视。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KecEdE6EQo4Y8oxSGhuco3iRnOe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"斜角透(三点)视","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XMEodUc2GoMSukxgRo6cBLzXnkf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"此现象的前提是物体么有任何一条边缘或面与画面平行,物体与视线形成角度,会形成延伸现象,并消失与3个点。又叫三点透视,为高度空间的透视现象。当物体低于眼睛,即俯视物体,消失点在水平线之下。反之,仰视物体时,物体高于眼睛,消失点在水平线之上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VUuedyouuoGa4cxmAEccuJ28nzd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"灭点:指的是立体图形各点延伸线向消失延伸的相交点。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"B2qkdIQMUowiOUxwpGxcP3tcnLg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":810,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"斜角透(三点)视","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d8f303da51934fd3b6a6bb4795b275b5","width":1080},"text":"","id":"NC6wdMqquo8YYsxBBuTcGqV7nbn"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KQw6dyGYko8oWSxYjEUc1bTonGe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"线条基本画法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NgmSd2mCCoEu8Kxs3sBcUlkDnJc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"任何画都是由无数条线组合而成的,画线条时要干脆利落不要过于生硬。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VMmUd0KQQoyeMmxwpGHcLSZKnNg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"直线:直线是最常用的一种线,它分为快线和慢线两种。慢线比较好掌握,而快线就需要一定时间来练习了。快线表现出来的画面更具有视觉冲击力,画面效果更富有生命力和灵动性。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FMm8duOSooYMuixkVTOcm14bnNg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":164,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"线条基本画法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3a66e012e3024d6ca3805fdb1d846989","width":300},"text":"","id":"TQcqdC0OgoOYWcxuWtUc3VW8nlf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"竖线:竖线是较难画的一种线,在建筑、景观、规划中最为常用。画竖线力度要均匀分配到整个手臂,重点加大手与纸之间的摩擦。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TsKCdg6WioAwkCxYNPpcgp8vnRe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":256,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"线条基本画法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/938868c1529f4dc99a109876f17ef847","width":357},"text":"","id":"EOykdSCUEoMuE8xq02ecEteEnjg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"曲线:曲线要根据画面情况而定,如果很细的图,为了避免画歪、画斜而影响画面整体效果。我们可以用慢线的形式来画。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ICwGdE2cQocm8ox0K7gcYhgjnjd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":364,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"线条基本画法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/37acdaa395884034a03ef66a3ff9b8fa","width":292},"text":"","id":"RoE4dYksYoWiKsx4CqjcPnV3nhd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"折线:折线是线条中最难画的一种,有以下3种情况。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VYIAdKWMyoq2qwxQbcacuomhngh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":475,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"线条基本画法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9a48e803df844162bf20eab479c2195f","width":522},"text":"","id":"Fyswd6Eg8o8wEux4cpzcaznwnRd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"马克笔技法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Y2WOdeAImoUAm0xQDGZcy8HSn4c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"平移:下笔时要把笔头完全压在纸面上,快速、果断的画出。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VaIIdyGGEoaQKqxEP1bcpkM6nDd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":113,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"马克笔技法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6e0e0d02acc1479dbb7f864f365dd05c","width":184},"text":"","id":"VKwMdme0qoMEwmxiS2scRTz8nAc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"线:要用宽笔头的笔尖来画,每层颜色过度用的线不要太多。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PCYCd4AOgoq0eMxmcCxcJKm9nHf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":69,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"马克笔技法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7fbfb6d2270e4de9a5ae43a3643b748b","width":230},"text":"","id":"WE8OdKQawoYs2ExyOCFchAlEn7S"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"点:一般用在画植物、草地等地方,活泼画面气氛,在画点的时候要注意要将笔头完全贴于纸面。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PCcCdUweCosCS2xg1DOcnnfanSh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":147,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"马克笔技法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3c4e378010ec463397f79873c83a6891","width":244},"text":"","id":"NWmUds0MUoicMexmcYqcjtHonQg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"扫笔:在运笔时快速抬起笔,用笔触留下一条“尾巴”,多适用于浅色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LuU2d0K0Mo624qxYnYhcKLF2neb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":87,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"马克笔技法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ddfd529e6cd047b59bd2459468afe1f1","width":212},"text":"","id":"SE0kdc886oC4aGxIhPncSyRrnsb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"蹭笔:用马克笔快速来回蹭出一个面,使画面质感过度更加柔和、干净。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EKy6dSAoAoAwgwxwBk2cZVENnPc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":153,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"马克笔技法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/cdc900164a94468d833a63e971b1484d","width":278},"text":"","id":"FeOcduuMeoseo4xCuDPcqGqTn9c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"会出现的问题","id":""}],"text":"","id":"F4qcdEM08ocagkxgt2ScriOpn6e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"运笔太慢:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IkWodmEauoUq2exeAw5cMs1onqe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":132,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"马克笔技法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c67c2b50478a4279bfaabbb0c0fb24cd","width":193},"text":"","id":"O8ESdA2MSocesWxMrJbc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","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HAwEd40i0ouUSExozh3cxYhznYc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":540,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"色彩运用","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/cc5a549b40d44372b69a607f908ea0d3","width":720},"text":"","id":"TYeEdYkUSoeIQoxbjUUcNHPVnnT"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"暖色具有前进感,冷色具有后退感。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SmIUdgKaOo8U2exAFzucizssn1g"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":347,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"色彩运用","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ba91afb2e35149fe8dcd51d4a040d043","width":720},"text":"","id":"OG6EdQGQeo4oKAx0ml7cmcZQnug"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"空间过高、走廊过长时,可用前进色,减弱空旷感;小户型选择高光度地板配合后退色墙面,可以改善空间狭小感受。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PqucdsSC2oMWu8xk5yrclAhPn2b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":532,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"色彩运用","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/983c1107ff244912a0c73e5b3532cd33","width":720},"text":"","id":"UQ2gdekw4osY2ex4RxAcrG9WnTf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":" 浅色有上升感,深色有下坠感。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EkkUdoU4Kos24kxIgK6cfsQOn8B"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":347,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"色彩运用","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5a20480a99cf4204af9c5e9f4aad245c","width":720},"text":"","id":"E684ds4Cmos2AuxCaF3cH9qQndh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"利用色彩的上升感和下坠感,把颜色重心放在地面,通过空间上的反差,可以让整体更加简约清新。面积小,层高低的户型运用这种装修风格,会让空间显得更大更敞亮。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Fq0QdqyyKo8uSGxqgffcwOjWnBe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":451,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"色彩运用","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/adad9769f4ce4c2faee09d618e67c1d4","width":720},"text":"","id":"QESOd4CImo86YgxEXSXc65DanHb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"我们一般把室内的色彩分为以下几类:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QcS8dS0o8oucG0xwTu4cJHJynkc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"背景色:面积最大的部分的颜色,即墙面、地面、顶面的颜色;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CsW6d8oeSoMaOgx85Ftc7KASnTf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"主色:空间内的主体的颜色,比如大件家具,客厅的沙发、餐厅的餐桌、卧室的床品颜色;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CyGYd4uoSoGI02xW2uZc86qxnEb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"配色:一般是面积比主体小一点的物件的颜色,比如单人沙发、茶几、边几、餐椅、床头柜等色彩;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GWekdE4W6oogiwxOQDecCmoUnjf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"点缀色:体积最小,一般是靠枕、花瓶、绿植、摆设等颜色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XAUQdGIiiogywmx88VncJE1Rnxb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"搭配时可以采用主色彩占60%,次要色彩占30%,辅助色彩占10%这样一个搭配比例。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TUEQdQ6ieoIcaYxoxQUcM4kVnac"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":527,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"色彩运用","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/992e8b8f49634708ae671ee6ccd1bd83","width":720},"text":"","id":"WMKEdSgYEogsMex0yNocXuUMnYg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":" ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EqEOd6aYqoIeGix8H5Mcp9wAnQf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"同一空间配色不得超过三种,其中白色、黑色不算色彩比例。也就是说,如果墙面是白色,那么大件家具如沙发、窗帘的色彩比例可以是60%。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ig4od0a2Mo6MU2xuSXWc42xKnzf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"进行色彩搭配时,我们需要用到色环,可以从邻近色、互补色、同类色、对比色来选出次要色彩和辅助色彩。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MqcadgIkSoKukKxOGWNcChwVntf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":" ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NuOidyqomoeWu8xY1incSbinn9c"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":528,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"色彩运用","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c5af210c3a434a41ba44480bce150be6","width":720},"text":"","id":"SmKgdc0aQoKSqwxUtl3cHzx8nVb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":" ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"H4WgdmWAwosOQkxMvTacDVr5nKg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、单色调搭配","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MwSCdW02coOcSux2H18cESZanXc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"以一个色相作为整个室内色彩的主调,可以取得宁静、安祥的效果,在进行单色调搭配时,要注意通过明度和亮度的变化,加强对比,也可适当加入黑白无彩色作为必要的调剂,让空间更加和谐。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YIYwdoS64okA06xcFrPcikM5nRh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":421,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"色彩运用","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1e33b0ab455e4082a411b9a25448eeea","width":720},"text":"","id":"WKyGda6aqogeUUxotMtc1AT2nae"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、相似色调搭配","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BKmed28GGo04mqxCUyWc93A1ncg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"相似色调搭配是通过同类色和邻近色,在色环上选出二三种互相接近的颜色,如黄,橙、橙红,蓝,蓝紫、紫等,呈现比较柔和的质感,并调动明度纯度的比例对比,来达到高级质感配色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TQ6Gdiowwoaicmx8udZcsVOQnfc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":540,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"色彩运用","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9892ed0feca643ba9185149ce87088d0","width":720},"text":"","id":"CqsOd6Oi6oeKOkxOooscPdTBnUb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、互补色调搭配","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BSo0dWgu8oo04OxCaokc4a31ndq"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"互补色调也可以叫作对比色调,通过色环上的两个互补色,如青与橙、红与绿、黄与紫,进行配色。在搭配时要避免1:1等比配色,并通过降低明度和亮度柔和色彩过强的对比效果,使其变“灰”而获得平静高级的效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Tu6wdicM0oAKgqxmEMWcylUknsf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":540,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"色彩运用","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f1b90d7f39904f3c85c776be8a45ff7a","width":720},"text":"","id":"MeKodUYOwoOUsWxcF3pc7AJgnKe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、无彩色调搭配 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IwiMd6Ie6oMi42xIfG9cZZflnog"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"全屋使用由黑、灰、白色组成的无彩系搭配,是一种非常高级的色彩搭配形式,非常平静素雅。在室内设计中,粉白色、米色、灰白色以及每种高明度色相,也可以认为是无彩色。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K82md0M4KoOCKQxqgJwc7FIKneh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":516,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"色彩运用","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ecb38ff0da2f4214aaf80f42b59c9007","width":720},"text":"","id":"BiMwdQiIAo48kkxs9CGcEO2gnPe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":" ","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"CAD基础知识","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QA8wdUIGAo8gCoxiYPxc1nutnbE"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"学习CAD要先学习工具,只有把工具学会了,在做室内设计的时候才可以灵活画出图纸。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MoeMdYuCiomiWgx0yHjcKljanPh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"下面我先简单介绍下工具使用的方法,如果想要更详细的课程可以看下视频课程。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DWeadsIcaoSCIix0S5PcFJu5nbf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"CAD教程之基本工具的使用:","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/av843683899/"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/av843683899/","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"L2EadGkCyoqG0kxwxSFcG0L1nAg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"工具的使用","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QsiEdK4Kuom8IIxCwW0cOhKQnze"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"AutoCAD软件具有操作简单、功能强大等特点,它已被广泛应用于设计领域,学习AutoCAD也是学习室内设计最基础的步骤。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K800doQyCoqQkmxCg6Ucq6Osnff"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"初学CAD需要了解操作界面的布局,只有了解软件的界面布局,才能方便地与他人交流,才可以领会各种教程和技巧,在操作时迅速地找到目标功能。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"R4KmdEw0AoQOIsxIVrBckDdhnKg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"不同版本的CAD界面基本类似,在低版本的AUTOCAD 2007中,使用的是传统的菜单、工具栏界面,如下图所示。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Zy6MdqSGOoAy2exKKQMcLTTIncp"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":589,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"工具的使用","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b63c9f79f4fd42cda9c5855d5f25494c","width":947},"text":"","id":"YukKdgEsgo0gEOxiKsAc8Hr1n2c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"后期版本,CAD中改成了跟OFFICE软件新版一样的RIBBON功能面板界面,如下图所示。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EakAdy6y6oSWeGxmavEcipADnHf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":694,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"工具的使用","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/df73853d0df7478ebd912a26bb03927c","width":1319},"text":"","id":"YeUcdEkOMoaWuuxW6VWcV9s7nSc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"其实两种界面并没有太大的差别,命令面板只是用图标按钮替换了旧版的菜单项。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SUwSdkUscoagI4xYvOjcEhkVnnh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"访问工具栏","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JaGUdq0m6oyoCmxmmtPclPZdnHb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工具栏放置了一些最基础、也是频率比较高的功能,如打开、保存、打印等,方便用户随时快速调用这些功能,可以根据需要自定义快速访问工具栏,将自己最常用的功能添加到工具栏中。点后面的下拉箭头,可以显示一个菜单,可以在顶部勾选要显示在快速访问工具栏中的命令,也可以点“更多命令....”添加其他命令,如下图所示。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WAMQdoo2YooWiWxK8TKcyLCanKh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":551,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"访问工具栏","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/caf69ddfa77d46beba26d0b93697ba80","width":445},"text":"","id":"IMsmdeSagouQWCxYtTwck71Bn9c"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"功能区选项卡","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ma20dC048oe22UxIJdmcDjIEnCc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"放置各种工具图标,用于调用CAD的绘图、编辑、管理等各种功能,根据功能使用频率和作用分类组成了默认、插入、注释、管理等一系列选型卡,每个选项卡由一系列功能面板组成。单击标签可以切换到不同的选项卡,对于初学者来说,“默认”选项卡下的功能基本就够用了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Hs4mdCOKwoc0GwxsLSycZIi1nhd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"功能面板","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TASGdeqAGoCI20xgxVDclME4ntc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"选项卡由一系列功能面板组合而成,例如默认选项卡会包括绘图、修改、图层、注释、块、特性等一系列命令面板组成,每个面板则由功能图标组成,图标有大有小,一些重要或常用功能被设置成大图标,其他图标设置成小图标。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PcqOdcGwGoCmQAxIXghcxRvVnQe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"文件标签栏","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Q2iWdIUecouMMYxMRuicaJ2lnph"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"显示文件的名称,当打开多个图纸文件时,可以通过单击文件标签栏的名字切换图纸,也可以通过在标签上右键,保存、关闭图纸。浩辰CAD2008版就有这个功能了,AutoCAD 2014上版本才有这个功能。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LyIud42CeooCUGxOQHvcAMoXnde"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"图形窗口","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BiYAdsC6qoCq4CxCuVuc0A9LnHe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"创建、显示和编辑图形的区域,说简单点就是我们画图的地方。CAD的图形窗口提供了一个虚拟的三维空间,理论上无限大,也可以无限小,我们可以在这个空间绘制平面图形或创建三维模型。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Fio4dA26Yoq2Gexya8NcD32wn2f"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"命令历史","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KaqkdI0esoqQeUxgFaHcnhexn0g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"命令行窗口的一部分,用于显示命令执行的历史,初学者可以通过拖动上边界增加显示的行数,注意观察命令的提示和执行过程,有助于我们更快地掌握CAD命令,如下图所示。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VI6KdqKQYoe8oExwlC4c8o64nKh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":221,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"命令历史","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a489d61277e547a48b9377a484358585","width":696},"text":"","id":"RikKdaiksoKeuwxygNicQ1U6nDd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"命令行","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OymEdWyqWokgwsxWWmDcVJMjnvc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"跟WORD、PS等常用软件不同,CAD软件可以通过输入命令名或简化命令(命令别名)来执行所有命令,命令还有参数和提示来引导我们完成后面的操作。刚开始我们可能不记得命令,会在功能区中点图标来执行命令,此时也要注意看命令行的提示,它可以引导我们完成命令,并且可以更清楚了解命令的参数和变化。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JCwsdA4yso228gxAZXhc8dMvnfd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在CAD高版本还增加了“自动完成”的功能,当我们输入字母的时候会显示相关的命令,如果我们不记得完整命令名的时候通过输入一两个字母就可以找到我们需要的命令,如下图所示。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UYmEdIKkqo4sckxQvelcRiaSnfe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":439,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"命令行","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7daffb78cee04726b04b1d7ef8f8b8f9","width":780},"text":"","id":"EeIudIgscoiqe6x0GPJc6JCCnIf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"命令历史和命令行是一个整体,叫命令行窗口,通常固定到底部,也可以拖动成浮动状态或放到顶部,也可以关闭,用CTRL+9可以打开和关闭命令行。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RUyAdk2SMocMesx6ZbQcYMcYnTb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"模型布局标签","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JsK2duQ08oesGoxgr7XcsqFDnsf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"CAD分模型空间和布局空间,通常模型空间用来画图,布局空间用来排图打印。布局涉及的概念比较多,初学者可以暂时不用管,后面还会详细介绍。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"S2Ckd2aEEo2w26xQ2CEcg1q1nI6"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"状态栏","id":""}],"text":"","id":"S62GdM6qooeYUMxaomScGcQRnOb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"状态栏可以显示当前光标的坐标,然后还有一些常用的绘图辅助工具,例如捕捉、极轴、栅格等,通过状态栏可以快速开关这些工具,此外,还有一些功能性按钮。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DQc2dKSuCoiKkgxS091cVlftnnd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"低版本状态栏按钮比较少,可以切换成文字显示,高版本状态栏图标太多,很多功能我们平时可能用不上,可以自己关掉一些,如下图所示。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KcIsdgCgioCUCgxnBVMcMYrCnyj"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":823,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"状态栏","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/880d947d8ee7474f865cc01cd2396298","width":189},"text":"","id":"HuEMd8ccyoUiK2xaE2ucieJ4nsb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":" ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KiQmdi6iIoYmICxYpjFczaV5nVe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"特性面板(属性框)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"V8QYdCCu2okOMUxmoGjcd9bnnTb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"CAD还有一些重要的界面控件,例如特性面板、图层特性等等,有些我们后面会专门介绍,这里首先要说一下特性面板。用特性面板可以查看和编辑图形的一些参数和特性,对于大家链接图形很有帮助。特性面板可以根据需要打开关闭,快捷键是CTRL+1,有时双击一些图形也会打开特性面板,如下图所示。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LC0ydW6mIoA6iyxkPrAcsYewnEP"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":613,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"特性面板(属性框)","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/39960cf4848440899bfc74f6213b8597","width":726},"text":"","id":"HAwSdgc8EoCmgQxYHEcc203Lnod"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"我们可以看到一个圆除了几何图形的参数,如圆心坐标、半径、周长、面积扥高以外,上面还有一些常规特性,如颜色、图层、线型、线宽等常规特性,这些特性都是CAD赋予图形的一些特性,这些特性可以方便我们更好地管理和打印图形,这些常规特性的作用是学习CAD必须要掌握的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Womwd8kYmoO006xUfyXcYFTbnZb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"CAD常用功能","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FcI4d0aYIoaowyxMjiXc6oYnnFr"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"常用CTRL,ALT快捷键","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LoiWdGwEEoAsCwxmQmucurWFnDd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"ALT+TK 如快速选择","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TUAOd840goIwIQxItLvcTgaCnPe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"ALT+NL 线性标注 ALT+VV4 快速创建四个视口","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AU86dgEcqoAO8MxMFejcmk6inMd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"ALT+MUP提取轮廓","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JIModUk6ao2Gg8xfBQfcG3mWncU"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"Ctrl+B: 栅格捕捉模式控制(F9)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K8O8dgAWgok4iwxa4XhcdheNnMc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"Ctrl+C: 将选择的对象复制到剪切板上","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PgkcdigcWoOiCAxKq5DcjhsHnmg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"Ctrl+F: 控制是否实现对象自动捕捉(F3)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"D6SidYuksoQMggxucXOcFZ5jnyb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"Ctrl+G: 栅格显示模式控制(F7)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"X6QGdy600owcOGxWcNHchjxznWY"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"Ctrl+J: 重复执行上一步命令","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AOoAdAWGGoKoUaxoFc9cjw4zneh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"Ctrl+K: 超级链接","id":""}],"text":"","id":"A8YqdAAY0oqa8sxQfS4c0r5JnLg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"Ctrl+N: 新建图形文件","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Zmm4d2cSYoa4c2xai9Tcw1rUnkc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"Ctrl+M: 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max基础知识","id":""}],"text":"","id":"F0eUduSmIougGYxMvj7cbdCmnaf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3dmax是一款专业的三维建模工具,它功能繁多,所有操作都可以在界面中找到。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AYkkdy6MOoKE0QxyExpcflernKg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"打开3dmax后,我们可以看到它的界面主要包括【菜单栏】、【主工具栏】、【功能区】、【视口】、【状态栏控件】、【动画控件】、【命令面板】、【时间尺】、【视口导航】、【场景资源管理器】10大部分,如图所示。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WyCGdeS4ooQWkaxIHescsGHonge"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":444,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"3ds max基础知识","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/46f3f1f0716d414f9828228ab2f96941","width":946},"text":"","id":"RK8Qd2IAWoyWI0xK2Secz0qTnef"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"各部分介绍如下","id":""}],"text":"","id":"H60Ydkwamo0YeGxIF5DcpqQGnrf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①菜单栏:很多功能都在菜单栏中,可以执行相应的操作。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CsoMdWECSogg2WxG4Wdcq2C9nbe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②主工具栏:提供3dmax中许多最常用的命令。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LKIudC4ksoocAWxSAsXc492Bnyd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③功能区:包含一组工具,可用于建模、绘制到场景中以及添加人物。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FemmdmaI2oA2wux8DvucDsOun5c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"④视口:可从多个角度显示场景,并预览照明、阴影、景深和其他效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ui6AdmmWooUwy6xwCYVcDayanUH"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"⑤状态栏控件:显示场景和活动命令的提示和状态信息。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CoWidKW42omG4Gxewijca5WCnne"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"⑥动画控件:可以创建动画,并在视口内播放动画。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NWUOdM46ioQUA6xkn8AcdmpAn1f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"⑦命令面板:可以访问提供创建和修改几何体、添加灯光、控制动画等功能的工具。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UUMUd4sY0o4SCSxGqGVcPilVnVd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"⑧时间尺:可拖动时间尺,查看动画效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NMqgd6iymoqsG4xsvGbccj27nsg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"⑨视口导航:使用这些按钮可以在活动视口中导航场景。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RSiIdA8OAoSy02xwdp4cZSQbnMc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"⑩场景资源管理器:可以在该管理器中对不同的对象进行管理。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"V0I0dYmCaoccQExsn0ncPC58nIh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"菜单栏","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TWMkdW2yoo6aS6xg9aEcA8dBnNb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"菜单栏位于窗口的最上方,每个菜单的标题表明该菜单上命令的用途。菜单栏中主要包含14个菜单项,分别为【文件】、【编辑】、【工具】、【组】、【视图】、【创建】、【修改器】、【动画】、【图形编辑器】、【渲染】、【Civil View】、【自定义】、【脚本】、【帮助】,如图所示。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ci6cdGYguoUkyQx4cRxcBV9EnBe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":89,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"菜单栏","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/fafa5261d241413d88a38dce5827c9a6","width":858},"text":"","id":"FCeOd8MmIoMmkixyqYtcEYjhnVd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、【文件】菜单","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HS4sdsKWioC4uoxIBBUc4I6Nnze"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在【文件】菜单中,会出现很多操作文件的命令,包括【新建】、【重置】、【打开】、【保存】、【另存为】、【导入】、【导出】等命令。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VceOdUYMoom0G8x89D3cQ8LCn3e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、【编辑】菜单","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YASgdWsWgouOGixsxt2cgfyXnMg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在【编辑】菜单中可以对文件进行编辑操作,如【撤销】、【重做】、【暂存】、【取回】、【删除】、【克隆】、【移动】、【旋转】、【缩放】等命令。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"U8kKdEGkAoWiWCxIN57cRqehnTg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、【工具】菜单","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UUIadco4koE0WYxKYedcaQTZnKc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在【工具】菜单可以对对象进行常用操作,如【镜像】、【阵列】、【对齐】等,更方便的方式是在主工具栏中创建。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RCsSdgmW8o0MWyx2XtccITBwnIh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":783,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"菜单栏","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7deed8b7b5244a5dabfc84a605b1cebf","width":1075},"text":"","id":"KiuEdycE0o00yGx257QcTHD7nFf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、【组】菜单","id":""}],"text":"","id":"M6a4dsqyyokgiQxINTBc0WsLnEg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"【组】菜单中的命令可将多个物体组在一起,还可以解组、打开组等操作。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VigEdIA6QoaAKcx4B7EcsWmnn9g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、【视图】菜单","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XE2SdQOwWokQWkxWiotcaPqSnLg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"【视图】菜单中的命令用来控制视图的显示方式以及视图的相关参数设置。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GIqYdqOaGoiO2OxgpApcyukPnFe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、【创建】菜单","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z4MEdMKQQo0Oc6x2vrac1Bnkn3e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在【创建】菜单中可以创建模型、灯光、粒子等对象,更方便的方式是在【创建面板】中创建。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"P4Ucdee4mouKsaxUrJ5c3UjxnIc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":817,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"菜单栏","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c57e0d87c5b743f7ab82f2cf3eb16934","width":997},"text":"","id":"IgyGdwIm6oUQ4Gx026scpWSnnXf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7、【修改器】菜单","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XEuedOU8io6sWAxqUzXcU2y5nah"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在【修改器】菜单中可为对象添加修改器,更方便的方式是在【修改面板】中添加修改器。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VS0SdQAogoAOYQxmKVWc3YSrnuf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"8、【动画】菜单","id":""}],"text":"","id":"S8UAdIukeoCoamxiGWQchx6RnRb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"【动画】菜单主要用来制作动画,包括正向动力学、反向动力学、骨骼的创建和修改等命令。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"P0iodg6SCoMecKxEhdzcyk4anBb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"9、【图形编辑器】菜单","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Xc2OdGkwCoMwKSxe2iwcjyHLnQd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"【图形编辑器】菜单是3dmax中以图形可视化功能的集合,包括【轨迹视图-曲线编辑器】、【轨迹视图-摄影表】、【新建图解视图】等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MAuAdk862oGYOAxyMfucvBQFnTh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":887,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"菜单栏","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/eaedf6fcc2554179a7bd479939f468e0","width":1363},"text":"","id":"C2kWdWK2UoS6WuxgH7rcAUMnnwd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"10、【渲染】菜单","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DQumdm4cso2wEyxQRapcx27gnTl"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在【渲染】菜单中可以使用与渲染相关的功能,如【渲染】【渲染设置】【环境】等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WWoAdUeKaoqKqcxo5DMcmgKPnjc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"11、【Civil View】菜单","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TKsgdi4IAoQ6e0xMH3oc9MHfnXf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"【Civil View】菜单是一款供土木工程师和交通运输基础设施规划人员使用的可视化工具。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZAoGdg488oyQEoxhaaYct89rnLq"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"12、【自定义】菜单","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BwaYd280YooUq0xYbe4cWn3TnOg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"【自定义】菜单用来更改用户界面或系统设置。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QCqedCescoWWGExIxT9cntQXnse"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":730,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"菜单栏","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9015fe477c6340a7bf82feb701a1edff","width":1101},"text":"","id":"P2CSdUaMUoicySxMfjpcrCJ3nEc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"13、【脚本】菜单","id":""}],"text":"","id":"X6gsd00iGo0EwWx4NDGcY55wnSh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在【脚本】菜单中可以进行语言设计,包括新建脚本、打开脚本、运行脚本等命令。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"R4MadgMY2o6YO8xYRt1cGb7ynne"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"14、【帮助】菜单","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HsU2dSUOwog0GoxCuPocOyZ3npb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在【帮助】菜单中可以学习3dmax的帮助文件、了解新版本功能、搜索3dmax命令等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ES2Edya0mo2su8xTvThcCwiZnqe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":575,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"菜单栏","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d5a338bdf9934b44a4e7f5ce2461fc90","width":1008},"text":"","id":"BW0sduomAoo42Sxq4mJc0L2sn4d"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"主工具栏","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Q06GdymU2o6uEGx6XejczpuHncf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"主工具栏中包括了很多3dmax中用于执行常见任务的工具和对话框,主工具栏位于主窗口的菜单栏下面,这些工具按钮按照具体功能,大致可以划分为11大类。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QSMad8cuGo62KWxmgMEcTPbAnId"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、撤销和重做工具","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZckcdosoCoeq8sxs9g2cnBIGnGg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在3dmax中操作失误时,可以单击撤消向前返回上一步操作(快捷键为Ctrl+Z),也可单击重做向后返回一步。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UYa8dG0UsoCm2Uxw3Abcdgq2nyp"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、链接绑定类工具","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FcGwdowSsowyycx4jxScSi3dn35"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"链接绑定类工具包括3个,分别为【选择并链接】工具、【断开当前选择链接】工具、【绑定到空间扭曲】工具。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ma2WdoGCmo0SimxeeV0c1X2inje"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"【选择并链接】工具用于链接对象和对象之间的父子关系,链接后的子模型会跟随父模型进行移动。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"W8c6dgOguomaEQxj2KXca3WLnqr"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"【断开当前选择链接】工具与【选择并链接】工具的作用恰好相反,可断开链接好的父子关系。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NISSduKWwoQMG2xGikrcFXyQngg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"【绑定到空间扭曲】工具可以将粒子与空间扭曲之间进行绑定。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BaIOdwoK6okWuQxkN8bcXKZBnFc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、对象选择类工具","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Lg0adu0eOoOEmwxoDv2cdWSNn7d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"对象选择类工具可以使用更合适的选择方式选择对象。对象选择类工具包括5个,分别为【过滤器】、【选择对象】工具、【按名称选择】按钮、【选择区域】工具、【窗口/交叉】工具。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZQ62doi2moMwYixmC9wcjL8ynQc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"使用【过滤器】可以只允许选择一类对象(例如灯光对象),不容易操作出错。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JKYudo4m2oKkagxQVcIc4NPynpb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"【选择对象】工具主要用于选择一个或多个对象,按住Ctrl键可以进行加选,按住Alt键可以进行减选。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Hkeqdqu6AoumQMxMBE1ch06lnFh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"单击【按名称选择】按钮会弹出【从场景选择】对话框,在该对话框中可以按名称选择所需要的对象。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KUGqdKWqSo8ikcxuq7ScKDIbnrh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"选择区域工具包含5种模式,分别是【矩形选择区域】工具、【圆形选择区域】工具、【围栏选择区域】工具、【套索选择区域】工具和【绘制选择区域】工具。可以使用不同的选择区域形状进行选择对象。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"T8qwdMcO4oiOIgx0uJNcATsbnZc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"【窗口/交叉】工具用于设置在框选对象时,是以哪种方式选择。其中当【窗口/交叉】工具处于突出状态(即未激活状态)时,只要选择的区域碰到对象,即可被选择。当【窗口/交叉】工具处于凹陷状态(即激活状态)时,选择的区域必须完全覆盖对象,才可被选择。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WOEgdU8K8oqUWYxYtNtcd4hlnFh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、对象操作类工具","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KKIodiC8OoSgcmxY9kxcIQUGnLe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"对象操作类工具可以对对象进行基本操作,如移动、选择、缩放等,是一些非常常用的工具。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XKyydA0MeoO2SUxgHjecDrlKnub"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"使用【选择并旋转】工具可以沿X、Y、Z三个轴向的任意轴向旋转。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Yeikdo0uKoMqMAxCcxtcnEllnKb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"【选择并缩放】工具包含3种,分别是【选择并均匀缩放】工具、【选择并非均匀缩放】工具和【选择并挤压】工具。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RYoMdGk0uoe0UCx4hhPcVhj4nhh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"使用【选择并放置】工具可将一个对象准确地放到另一个对象的表面,例如把凳子放在地上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XSe0dOsEQoaCAixoD6pc6putnmb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"【参考坐标系】可以用来指定变换操作(如移动、旋转、缩放等)所使用的坐标系统,包括视图、屏幕、世界、父对象、局部、万向、栅格、工作区、局部对齐和拾取10种坐标系。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZIs2dcGAuoYUmux4nNwc4W4Gn7Q"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"【轴点中心】工具包含【使用轴点中心】工具、【使用选择中心】工具和【使用变换坐标中心】工具3种,使用这些工具可以设置模型的轴点中心位置。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OscWdGk80oGie6xM1Xac2X9Tn1e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"使用【选择并操纵】工具可以在视图中通过使用拖曳【操纵器】来编辑修改器、控制器和某些对象的参数。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Gcs2d2GioogGw2xAncScRfwMn8e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"使用【键盘快捷键覆盖切换】工具可以在只使用“主用户界面”快捷键和同时使用主快捷键和组(如编辑/可编辑网格、轨迹视图、NURBS等)快捷键之间进行切换。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WQmcd2sEsog0cuxYNebcKnYhnfc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、精准类工具","id":""}],"text":"","id":"H00WdKsU4oIWKsxg1dCcOB6BnRc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"精准类工具可以使模型在创建时更准确,包括捕捉开关、角度捕捉切换、百分比捕捉切换、微调器捕捉切换。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GEuudiI8uoAmyWxwpcocxbw4nNh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"【捕捉开关】工具包括【2D捕捉】工具、【2.5D捕捉】工具和【3D捕捉】工具3种。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"M2Cmd6MegoykosxLSBucreSLnEV"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"【角度捕捉切换】工具可以用来指定捕捉的角度(快捷键为A键)。激活该工具后,角度捕捉将影响所有的旋转变换,在默认状态下以5°为增量进行旋转。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RUEqdMO2moki2ixUdiYc7RbFnae"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"【百分比捕捉切换】工具可以将对象缩放捕捉到自定的百分比(快捷键为Shift+Ctrl+P),在缩放状态下,默认每次的缩放百分比为10%。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DMmmdumskouy8mxuWTlcJcRanSh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"【微调器捕捉切换】工具可以用来设置微调器单次单击的增加值或减少值。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KQgid2KYcoo2UkxsYKFcs6ulnjb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、选择集类工具","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UWOId4COeo224AxKAK0cVHOfn0e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"选择集类工具包括【管理选择集】工具和【创建选择集】工具。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CqwUdWGYuo0IQ4xgtRacv2Zvnvc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"【管理选择集】工具可以为单个或多个对象进行命名。选中一个对象后,单击【管理选择集】按钮可以打开【命名选择集】对话框,在该对话框中就可以为选择的对象进行命名。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QkCqdgQ2eowkumxk12PcPQIpnth"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"【管理选择集】工具,并单击【创建新集】工具后即可创建新集,此时可以单击该工具选择集,如图所示。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"V0Agd4IICo2SqixAXYBcMUEjnJd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7、镜像对齐类工具","id":""}],"text":"","id":"C4kodGiK2oEymcxfsQZc5ihAnMg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"镜像对齐类工具包括【镜像】工具和【对齐】工具,这两个工具是比较常用的,可以准确的复制和对齐模型。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UeuKdQGiyoqq6Ux4ukOceMebnFb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"使用【镜像】工具可以围绕一个轴心镜像出一个或多个副本对象。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"M6U2daAwAoSa08xOEj2cyE3ynIb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"对齐工具可以使两个对象按照一定的方式对齐位置。鼠标左键长按【对齐】工具,对齐工具包括6种类型,分别是【对齐】工具、【快速对齐】工具、【法线对齐】工具、【放置高光】工具、【对齐摄影机】工具和【对齐到视图】工具。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CmyOdcSmWocSm2xo7FlcSSFJnjb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"【快速对齐】方式可以立即将当前选择对象的位置与目标对象的位置进行对齐。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Sagkd8Sg4o8eMKxY15HcFwfwn5b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"【法线对齐】基于每个对象的面或是以选择的法线方向来对齐两个对象。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"G0GQdCcuooMmmsxAxBacXKeznzd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"【放置高光】方式可以将灯光或对象对齐到另一个对象,以便可以精确定位其高光或反射。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FigEdsuEcoAqCMxeifBcS2D0nle"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"【对齐摄影机】方式可以将摄影机与选定的面法线进行对齐。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Wc0qdo8sco4Ksmxg0yhc8jFSnKz"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"【对齐到视图】方式可以将对象或子对象的局部轴与当前视图进行对齐。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NaySdOcySowsicxmST7cZbAwnsh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"8、资源管理器类工具","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Yy0WdAmOyoq0uexKA7ZcGUPjn4b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"资源管理器类工具包括【切换场景资源管理器】工具和【切换层资源管理器】工具,分别可以对场景资源和层资源进行管理操作。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WG26dSyc2oiYQuxsn8tcqaxynDf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"【切换场景资源管理器】工具中可以查看、排序、过滤和选择对象,还提供了其他功能,用于重命名、删除、隐藏和冻结对象、创建和修改对象层次以及编辑对象属性。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VgO6dSq40o6cIYxWcDXck4E9nEb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"【切换层资源管理器】工具可用来创建和删除层,也可用来查看和编辑场景中所有层的设置以及与其相关联的对象。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"U02cdogiEoQuMcxwxalcpfyVnGc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"9、视图类工具","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Fy0wd2kGwoWSUWxlLStcsjajnwt"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"切换功能区、曲线编辑器、图解视图这3个工具可以调出3个不同的参数面板。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XIicdYkQQooI0KxuYLccyVYwnWb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"【切换功能区】可以切换是否显示【建模】工具,该建模工具是多边形建模方式的一种新型方式。单击主工具栏中的【切换功能区】按钮即可调出【建模】的工具栏,如图所示。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LSoadk0kYoaYy4xgLXYc95VMnYd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":135,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"主工具栏","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d16f640c751e46b2a988e9672071a9e2","width":779},"text":"","id":"Hc2EdmqqOoWsIqxqknTcAPZvnye"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"【曲线编辑器】按钮可以打开【轨迹视图-曲线编辑器】对话框。【曲线编辑器】是一种【轨迹视图】模式,可以用曲线来表示运动。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"F0KMdKasUoseyixkvRzcErCQn1Z"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"【图解视图】是基于节点的场景图,通过它可以访问对象的属性、材质、控制器、修改器、层次和不可见场景关系。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"B4WodSqs8oE6KCxi0Ybc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aiaxW0o4cMtQ0nqb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"缩放:使用该工具可以在透视图或正交视图中通过拖拽光标来调整对象的大小。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Bos6dqKiSocuowxB8TMcbok2ncA"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"视野:使用该工具可以设置视野透视效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Tu6qdGGCOoSK44xAZhicdvdknLh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"缩放所有视图:使用该工具可以同时调整所有视图的缩放效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QuyAdI8EqoWGO2xC2cXc5IODnQg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"平移视图:使用该工具可以将选定视图平移到任何位置。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CWYWdSckoo44QixcXmDcuTL3nid"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"最大化显示选定对象:使用该工具可以将选中的对象最大化显示在该视图中,快捷键为Z。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"A8I0dkicEoY4GuxoXnicJW1inVg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"环绕子对象:使用该工具可以使当前视图产生环绕旋转的效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SwKOdKkICogKYKx46kDcL6ZznJb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"所有视图最大化显示选定对象:使用该工具可以将选中的对象最大化显示在所有视图中。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XmyMdcyoAooc40xsKcHcz85znpb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"最大化视口切换:单击该按钮可以切换一个视图或四个视图。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"C2WgdCGMOokiC6xAmjjc6KHznfb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"3ds max快捷键","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BsQyd8KOcoyMsExwl4ic3f98n47"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"显示降级适配(开关) 【O】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DgwsdSMSAoAM26x8If8cbwt5njc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"适应透视图格点 【Shift】+【Ctrl】+【A】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WCoGdSaWSom0kex2ergco1MSn6t"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"排列 【Alt】+【A】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EEqCd8suWoWwoMxKUj9c7G9jnkc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"角度捕捉(开关) 【A】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"J6iOd6YuqoCwkqx75pcc0Ismnbh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"动画模式 (开关) 【N】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"D6YwdI4Kqosq8WxWGKYcB0kVnQg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"改变到后视图 【K】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PGmYdiaCgoWCMSxQnWscdHv6nLg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"背景锁定(开关) 【Alt】+【Ctrl】+【B】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Eg4edSaMio684KxoDpScg0QGn9g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"前一时间单位 【.】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"L20udCqeYoCuECx8r16chgWQnhh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"改变到上(Top)视图 【T】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZGeudeMq2oUgKWxA3X6c2ZvNnuf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"改变到底(Bottom)视图 【B】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KiCYdcSg0oeYaexCmbPcSmf6nbf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"改变到相机(Camera)视图 【C】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"H6YCdmwa2oAqo4x4ITfcoytEnFe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"改变到前(Front)视图 【F】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ScOIdoiCEoCgSexEnjBcrV6WnVc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"改变到等大的用户(User)视图 【U】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Q0mSdSm2KoA0gMxe8zic27XVn6g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"改变到右(Right)视图 【R】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TOWqdk8KMoGwGcxomp0cXqMAn3E"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"改变到透视(Perspective)图 【P】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Nce2dioiUoQW2exMBXcck4jdnSb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"循环改变选择方式 【Ctrl】+【F】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FMySd2sAWoUCQexua5ncfRjrn8d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"默认灯光(开关) 【Ctrl】+【L】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K0iedIqwwooGgOxYDn5ctSlznJc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"删除物体 【DEL】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NYsAd4KWYoKg6IxCCX3cuys9nsd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"当前视图暂时失效 【D】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TIQMdW6sOoqw2ixWQ4nc1DUcnDc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"是否显示几何体内框(开关) 【Ctrl】+【E】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"G4gid4EmIoKaGAxk9yKcgCr7n4f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"显示第一个工具条 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【Alt】+【N】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HuSYdmyUAoEukYxiwljcAZFknkg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"向下轻推网格小键盘【-】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"U4Y0d48wUoukaYxA486clU07nuy"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"向上轻推网格小键盘【+】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XwUodusSgoOgsExIVxocu62fnW2"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"NURBS表面显示方式【Alt】+【L】或【Ctrl】+【4】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"C8OodYqwEo8aaAxE19NciEh7nwh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"NURBS调整方格2 【Ctrl】+【2】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SCYudAIugoUGUax8X9Acqqy8nig"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"NURBS调整方格3 【Ctrl】+【3】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XqK6d64C6o6KwWx25jWc76srn0c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"偏移捕捉 【Alt】+【Ctrl】+【空格】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NYMedGIO2osmyixQnAQc60SQnge"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"打开一个MAX文件 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【F5】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UAoUdyQQQoGqICxmy1WcCt7Nn4e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"约束到Y轴 【F6】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"G2aed4qiwo6AWSxcO75csx3Dnjb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"透明显示所选物体(开关) 【Alt】+【X】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UK40dCm8SoY8AIxSeRuccNT5nnf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"选择父物体 【PageUp】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ja22dmwi6ocuu0xE9jDcGsKrn9f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"选择子物体 【PageDown】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AmqQdAquSoAWOgxwHhucpHcznIe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"根据名称选择物体 【H】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QuS6diuEIoiEo2x6TZYc0Lotn5b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"选择锁定(开关) 【空格】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SwQQdEoEwoQayGxCwOic4qX7nhc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"减淡所选物体的面(开关) 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【J】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VQ4kdEmkwogmCaxmedGcJa78nyg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"显示/隐藏工具条 【Y】/【2】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ng8edacSOoqgkwxSMAFc2As0ndh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"百分比(Percent)捕捉(开关) 【Shift】+【Ctrl】+【P】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"H6KGdIyiSoq84CxOpj0ccHffngb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"打开/关闭捕捉(Snap) 【S】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JGq8dk8KgoSEG2xOo1scJOUunDf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"循环通过捕捉点 【Alt】+【空格】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LGmqd682SoauS2xUNerc9QNGnmf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"声音(开关) 【\\】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Li06d26kaogGiUxOApFcukHPnzb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"间隔放置物体 【Shift】+【I】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XYW0dEOAioEac6xYh3acqgj5nKe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"改变到光线视图 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数字键盘【1】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EoUAdQUicoqOcexEHtPcgksrnof"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"虚拟视图向下移动 数字键盘【2】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"J4KUdiaUAoqYssxEnljcqI33nae"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"虚拟视图向左移动 数字键盘【4】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"B6GKdWKOeowiCqxmEK5cx3E4nL1"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"虚拟视图向右移动 数字键盘【6】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BsCUdesCsoGUIKxSoGUchKVOnkg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"虚拟视图向中移动 数字键盘【8】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LCYQdOCacoGssExqAlxcUulinzg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"虚拟视图放大 数字键盘【7】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Le8CdUMMIoyskIxkZvTci1sxnUd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"虚拟视图缩小 数字键盘【9】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LWmgdmcGEoWGI0xuKR5cD71knuf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"实色显示场景中的几何体(开关) 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【Ctrl】+【w】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FMCIdQakooq6gmxsTO2cGXyMnWc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"视窗交互式放大 【[】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Uy0QdCqU0oO8gOxox9scr6W5n89"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"视窗交互式缩小 【]】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SQUYdKoQIoEAsixGAc8cjV1tnjc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"轨迹视图","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MWcKdcuqcoQYUyxE9TPcWC72nog"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"加入(Add)关键帧 【A】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JgECdaSGooy6aAxKonSc9I1lnjc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"前一时间单位 【\u003c;】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CwoSdmWW8oIA6OxQNX3cRCBancd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"下一时间单位 【\u003e;】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"REOGdqiMsoSYCaxwLjycH674nud"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"编辑(Edit)关键帧模式 【E】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VYUudMkGkoi00ox0oANcI3dHnQs"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"编辑区域模式 【F3】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"T2A2doY06oW4GExpKS3cRqIYnGR"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"编辑时间模式 【F2】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FmEcdO04OoaggcxkMb6cDbTznPt"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"展开对象(Object)切换 【O】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FW2adMwoAoSmcgxS0FWcGzzXndd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"展开轨迹(Track)切换 【T】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"F2ecdC04soSKuOxOI9gcnT1Mnud"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"函数(Function)曲线模式 【F5】或【F】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"T0U4daUogoyysWxaO0rcsCuZn2e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"锁定所选物体 【空格】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XeIKdw4oQoUWEuxMAe9c9JtxnEC"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"向上移动高亮显示 【↓】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"L0y2dqQqCoYE8UxEJgec2aGinNg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"向左轻移关键帧 【←】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LEoMdK2MaosgYcxW65qcs1mwnGg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"向右轻移关键帧 【→】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RG0UdUckQoMKAWx3pSWc8aWTnqU"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"位置区域模式 【F4】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OykmdcIcmoEIcUxumJlcOSfRnFg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"回到上一场景*作 【Ctrl】+【A】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EksedKsO0omiqUx8WtMc8gmXn3o"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"撤消场景*作 【Ctrl】+【Z】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ew8CdiOOkoYSiqxYBJDc7IhbnSh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用前一次的配置进行渲染 【F9】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JSuMdmmYioQqkyxsjuSc2q0gnde"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"渲染配置 【F10】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KO4KdIwCqooGeCxg7OYcXngpnFg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"向下收拢 【Ctrl】+【↓】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FEEcdauSIoKWMyxwfa8cEiE3n6r"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"向上收拢 【Ctrl】+【↑】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VmwWdiuGmoAGs8xuQY1cS2kIn4f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"材质编辑器","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DgyQdU6y4oQicixCmSCcxdQQnPB"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用前一次的配置进行渲染 【F9】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PgOQdIWmuo0o8Gx2N2qcvo0PnWm"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"渲染配置 【F10】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Sg6UdWMi2o0oUixY3jeciQ5lnBd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"撤消场景*作 【Ctrl】+【Z】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"R44QdOWKKoIsiIxEDXrcx3QTnub"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"示意(Schematic)视图","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IGKkdGMGGoe6yixwDJgc75KZnHe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"下一时间单位 【\u003e;】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Fk2YdoWG2oKK62xKwuVcBALbnTh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"前一时间单位 【\u003c;】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E6q4dsMImomcuUx8zvLcqUyXnse"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"回到上一场景*作 【Ctrl】+【A】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SwWYdgMqEoMQgcxXKEiccRicnFQ"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"绘制(Draw)区域 【D】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"F4iOdou4UoMiwWxuMWRclwYunHh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"渲染(Render) 【R】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TA0MdEkmUoI6cixUB4TcxBVRnng"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"锁定工具栏(泊坞窗) 【空格】","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UmS0dmUMyoka84x8dcmcKQNTnbd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"草图大师基础","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YoCsdUGsyoES66x6cW5cFBFgnmb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"sketchup是一款主要面向室内外、园林等设计的三维设计软件,也常常被广大的设计师朋友们称为草图大师,因为相对于其他3d模型来说精细程度上的确是有一些差距,但是也是一款比较直观、灵活,易用的软件。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CESWdyoQoookkcxMhQQcPpBOnrc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"软件基础知识","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JKCUdwcCmoWSa6xEP3BcxybGnfe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"我们想要掌握一款软件,那么软件的基础知识的掌握比较重要。比如说sketchup软件的基础工具,命令操作步骤。sketchup的基础工具主要是包括,二维的绘图工具,有画直线,矩形,圆,圆弧,多边形和手绘线等,然后是模型的编辑工具移动,旋转,缩放,推拉,路径跟随,偏移复制等。编辑工具是构建模型的常用命令。接着就是相关的测量工具和视图查看工具,最后就是导人视和剖面相关的命令。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"P8Uydo4ScokSomxgXLBcgy9rnzf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"下面是关于“环绕观察”是使用:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TMOed2GUqoEoMuxm4B3cOuW4nPh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"打开一个SketchUp文件,点按工具栏,环绕观察命令,在界面按下鼠标左键拖动可以实现环绕观察。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XCecdI6kUo4u4IxiSkdclOhUnme"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":567,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"软件基础知识","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6cb72215c91c41a8b65aa1758d1fada0","width":782},"text":"","id":"MS4YdC46aoO0sax6zKpcjMJdntG"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第2步,在其他工具下,如果想进行环绕观察,可以按下鼠标中间并拖动界面上下左右拖动,同样也可以实现环绕观察。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KeUqdSWu8oGC24xn6xhcwSBCnrU"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":544,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"软件基础知识","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a5fac375c70e4d638d7f2aecca544115","width":772},"text":"","id":"UwsQdkwGkoemacxbQFTcGxBWnHF"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第3步居中显示,在任意工具下,单击鼠标滚轮,都可以让点击位置居中显示。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XgokdOIouoUyUaxyOuJc4iyZn9f"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":527,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"软件基础知识","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4bfbf51613c847a9bbff890909651baa","width":898},"text":"","id":"POUWdqUMSo8Yw8xsvgucwxn9nVc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第4步,点按工具栏上的手型,也就是平移工具,然后在界面上按下鼠标左键拖动物体或画布,可以实现画布的平移。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HqsadaCWQoS686x0kcxcjG35n3e"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":644,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"软件基础知识","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/efed0134749244ca9e6c145b50b74f12","width":790},"text":"","id":"F0Ewd8GUWoWCI2xCO9Ccsusxnbh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第5步,在其他工具下,按下shift并按下鼠标中键拖动物体或画布,也可以实现画布的平移。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EG06dGemQoq8cyxio5AcP2hjnkg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":609,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"软件基础知识","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1720cfcd2f0f46f985fc01173e46244b","width":734},"text":"","id":"XwwKdsa0woGCWCxuUO3c7yACnIb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第6步,按下缩放工具后,在界面上按下鼠标左键,向上拖动放大显示界面,向下拖动会缩减显示界面,也可以通过向前或者向后滚动滚轮的方法实现该功能。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JUGkdgyuQoaCO2xUHl2cbylCnLd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":518,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"软件基础知识","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b0b06510846a45cd8d974293fd5846b2","width":755},"text":"","id":"Qcuodu4i8oKo8UxEVypcNJSVnde"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第7步,点按缩放范围会让界面中所有物体充满整个界面,该功能的快捷键是ctrl+shift+e或者另一个快捷键shift+z也可以实现该功能。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QwymdAmaOoqsQgxcrnWczAGyntb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":612,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"软件基础知识","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/30aaa53d1c2b48ad83bab1eca8af5517","width":840},"text":"","id":"UqeGdYOIwoOGmox46rgcrMJXnDe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第8步,这两个命令是向前或者向后恢复视图。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HQwCdg8SqoecQIxKs29c8ETvnKd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":513,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"软件基础知识","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4090aabba8da484ea21335ab60b915f9","width":842},"text":"","id":"EEACd8o6so0gcYxOCmKcuArinvg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"详细的sketchup的基础工具介绍大家可以看看视频教程:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"F8QIdaGCOouOiSxwsbAcfBMRnTo"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"Sketchup基础工具【入门必备】:","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1ze411T7K9/"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1ze411T7K9/","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"X2CIdy8Kyo4EW0xqYfGcmLIJnQh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"下面介绍下sketchup怎么建模","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Kwoqdcs4woAOcKxumXscs23snFd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"1、建模前的准备工作","id":""}],"text":"","id":"V4S4d04ykouC4MxQlCKchrgRnEb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"tex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Max 2020实用教程》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AkuWdWuuKoEky0x4JZ0cm4m2n9g"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":604,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"学习资料推荐","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c4b2470b246d4b04aef8cfa7e328d6d3","width":646},"text":"","id":"GW2YdUoeWocoaqx2Xlhc4orOnlf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《3ds Max 2020+VRay效果图制作从入门到精通》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PmsEdwOSOoy0MSxqg35csBelnGd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":579,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"学习资料推荐","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b7f21a5f6555490787388b1b6efecaa6","width":712},"text":"","id":"V2M4dwK42oyaECx4HEscHbAtnkf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《室内设计精品集》集中了全国各地众多室内设计师在近两年所设计完成的优秀作品,涉及到住宅室内空间的各种类型,其中包括普通住宅、独立别墅、豪华公寓及各类样板间等。这些作品设计新颖、风格各异,有很多已经成为国内住宅室内空间设计的样板方案。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BMSEdCIUCoGCeWxSOVTcL1JXnWf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":575,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"学习资料推荐","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2e6a56d83f794763ad82ced246dca36d","width":609},"text":"","id":"JQeCdCucyooSmGxuq11c3Ir1noh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"室内设计过程","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UCcQd8coeoSysExA9Ksc9YsVnYb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"室内设计的过程分为三个阶段,策划阶段、方案阶段、施工图阶段。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TWmUds86go0ggmxyMR7cUgIcnTf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"策划阶段","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XcGsd4uKyow0EsxuGLecgU1Incf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、由甲方或业主提出要求,比如使用功能、经营理念、风格样式、投资费用等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PSgQdGI4SoEmM0xOIT0cGBzan1e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、需要现场勘测,收集原始土建图纸资料。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BSW0d0w44oq4OIxWotAcyZ29neg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、由设计师与业主共同设计概念草图,草图需要反映功能、空间、技术、设计形式等方面。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UksedEgISoQowkxItBQc3Jl6nYc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"方案阶段","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CyOqdcsoioauOMxu4N0cFf2Yn2c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、在概念草图的基础上,深入设计,进行方案的分析和比较,比如功能分析、交通流线分析、空间使用情况分析、装修材料的比较选择。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NUigdoYM8o4cqexcv8bcAFgInph"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、与土建和装修的前后衔接,图纸需要设计承重结构、设施管道等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BoeIdIsWsoMksAx6AObc1tSWnPI"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"施工图阶段","id":""}],"text":"","id":"B44odmimOoU0m4xIDX0cLM5ynAc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、装修施工图","id":""}],"text":"","id":"O8EWdSoEEomwAKxG2xAch9fvngd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①设计说明、工程材料做法表、饰面材料分类表、装修门窗表;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Bs0Gd6cEwoeEwWxlfMucqLh2nwV"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②隔墙定位平面图、平面布置图、铺地平面图、天花布置图、放大平面图;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SEiudqSYgoa8ocxA3h9cgTJsnYd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③立面图、剖面图","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NWG8d2uikoESC0xolDscWkERnPb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"④大样图、详图","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PKCidsykwomoa4xOypLcPUvTnLb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、设备施工图","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SsO0deqoaoUoWSx2lUMcHruOn4b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①给排水:系统、给排水布置、消防喷淋;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Xo8Cde2owooYSQxEbXic3xhBn0g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②电气:强电系统、灯具走线、开关插座、弱电系统、消防照明、消防监控;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QeyudoQIKoEi8QxIh5CcYCJVnJe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③暖通:系统、空调布置","id":""}],"text":"","id":"M0UqdUuaeoEGEAxKsErc0E9Rn3f"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"室内设计风格","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YcKOd6q66oiUUqxodCUccXnAngd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"现代风格","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VcUodUiUioQy8CxspPXcoHhVnMb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"现代风格以流线型为主要设计,这种风格以平滑的表面,精心选择的家具以及中性或黑白配色的前卫艺术品闻名。现代主义的室内通常被称作“超现代空间”,采用木材、大理石和金属等的简单材料,与配色鲜明大胆的墙饰、照明灯具以及重要家具形成对比。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DwISd0yiqo2UUgxgJQbcO6mInXg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":489,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"现代风格","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1df868fb262149348a30e84b26be2f5f","width":805},"text":"","id":"I4cmdyIO2ogcCKxWAn0ckjnRnNh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"工业风格","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RikAdgWOWoGiGIxmaplc6taMnVd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工业风的设计灵感来源于工厂的翻新,工业风的设计以其质朴的哲学理念而闻名,即暴露管线、砖块、混凝土墙面和梁等建筑构件,这种室内设计风格通常还伴随着中性的色调,和混合着质朴材料的家具以及吊顶照明,与粗犷的空间形成对比。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EaG2dk4KOoio8wx21Dockm50nWh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":476,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"工业风格","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2e1d33e7c0114db7ad23984f10d610dd","width":784},"text":"","id":"MWsAdG6yGoSyk8x4tv5ceyy3n9g"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"北欧风格","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CoEWdWwgaoy4YsxwXRNcyaHXnpc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这种风格在简洁的线条、简单实用的家具和充足的自然光中进一步被强调。此外在配色上,我们常见到全白的餐厅中置有黑色的雕塑或者黑白照片,它们创造一种出微妙而大胆的感觉。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QwwKd4OEKokky4xOKgxcsgKinUe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":479,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"北欧风格","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/eaf177bea07d4c0f9d5c5bb81404204d","width":776},"text":"","id":"Gqq2dguEioYy6exkboscNRBPnxd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"日式北欧融合","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NM04dIWI2oG6uoxEpi8cqXWWnIf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"自然材料的使用与光滑线条、温暖色调的平衡是现代日式美学的一大特点,与之不同的是,北欧风的室内色调以黑白灰为主,偶尔有中性色调以及金属点缀。现代日式与北欧设计结合,就形成了经典的美学。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Soq0di8m8ogKicxqaQfcJlrNnPe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":477,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"日式北欧融合","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8d88e97ace9244af89db793246523084","width":780},"text":"","id":"QMMsdYywWokgaAxMLJhcmiWNnSf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"复古风格","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GEY8dyIYYoYEY8xwvnec05Iqnrh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"随着审美的发展,设计师需要在当代环境下重新构思旧风格,这种复古潮流一般是从20世纪下半叶中找寻灵感,常以明艳的色调、大胆的几何图案、花哨的装修或者中古家具的形式出现。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"O2y2d8cs8oKG2ixkrymcOtTSnVe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":482,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"复古风格","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/fe4c226c6eed46d38ffe1ddbe06ec26f","width":784},"text":"","id":"Ow4GdCGuYogOIwxqMVTcvGybnvd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"地中海风格","id":""}],"text":"","id":"V44cdqgOeoIm4sxIZflcV8aLnid"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"地中海风的设计以浅色而温暖的色调为特征,与蓝色和绿色形成对比,代表了阳光、海洋与郁郁葱葱的种植园。天然材料,如陶瓷、木材、纤维和锻铁的大量使用也常见于这类项目,此外还有装饰瓷砖表现地中海国家的植物群以及自然光。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Lc68dei0Yo0KMsxeStmclt9Cnhe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":495,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"地中海风格","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f6429ff606f9492bb9a1abd74c9b42c1","width":793},"text":"","id":"POkWdicG0oOqKaxSqbscOwDTnZf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"极简主义设计","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PASkd0kAyoWgmox4Oi6c1xbRnfb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"极简主义的室内设计使用最基本的物品来构建简单而干净的空间。它的特点是单色、功能性强、缺乏装饰和线条简洁,体现了“少即是多”的主张。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K6WOdMUqMoWYgux4ctjcfG3Bn6c"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":539,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"极简主义设计","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/fd5acd32027247689d5dc7ea0ad5f0b2","width":789},"text":"","id":"VygIdkUoooK6u4xIzGmcNL8ZnWf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"中式复古风格","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LuWIdoMGOo4WOKxy2VRcUriKnPg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中式复古风格是通过一些中式的装饰,装修出一种清雅高尚的风格。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EiMEdCgiOosoqgxuqbLcdrGtnHh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中式装修在选材上也很是讲究,因为这是体现中式风格的一个重点部分,大家通常使用原木棕色来装修房屋,这样既温馨自然,也能充分的利用中式装修的古典元素。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LWsMd42sUoegy4x02xRcjuq5nbb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在装饰品方面,最好都有中国元素在里面,像是屏风、山水画就是不错的选择,还可以加入一些盆栽,使屋内更加自然、漂亮。而且中国也非常讲究房屋的布局,讲究对称美,中式布局就是即使很小的空间也留有足够的空间供人活动。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GEQ4dSSE2oGcKCxI56zcqOlAnHh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":564,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"中式复古风格","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4ad2bdd556274dd98c40232796c06a10","width":906},"text":"","id":"JiCSdECmuoeIUSxADEQclHMnnce"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"新中式风格","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MGcsd4a4goSwm2x4x5cccmY0nBg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"新中式风格讲究空间的层次感与跳跃感。在需要隔绝视线的地方,则使用中式的屏风、窗棂、中式木门、工艺隔断、简约化的中式“博古架”等。通过这种新的分隔方式,单元式住宅就展现出中式家居的层次之美。再配以一些简约的造型为基础,添加了中式元素,使整体空间更加丰富,大而不空、厚而不重,有格调又不显压抑。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"O0Yyd4KYAoEoEkxgtt1cSPNKnHc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":481,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"新中式风格","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/64d7e46795084777b59435f280b5f812","width":777},"text":"","id":"LiIYdEoiSoiC2GxKw0lcQKYwnAb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"简约中式风格","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VsugdKmEgoUaYkxE7NocJXeTnFb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中式简约装修风格整体兼有传统中式风格和现代简约风格之间,不会有中式那种沉闷,也不会有简约那种飘逸。沉稳大方是,不奢华,又不失品味。每一个房间,甚至在每一个角落都在简单的中式元素运用中沉淀出中国传统文化的魅力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NAEUdKKMUoUGkgxq0KlcSImInOe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":586,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"简约中式风格","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/806e795cd556407cbef5700743b1c22d","width":1003},"text":"","id":"R02Odky4moWAq0xbbn3cgIuOnnM"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"室内设计原则","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MwGGdGagGoCqWqx6WFScbcY6nkf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、 整体性设计原则:保证室内空间协调一致的美感;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EOMQdUYccosCcqxo3MLc0g9Bnxf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、 功能性设计原则:空间的使用功能如布局,界面装饰、陈设和环境气氛与功能统一;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"G0y2dYgmooSu4yxuQ82c7fwZnRh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、 审美性设计原则:通过形,色、质、声、光等形式语言体现室内空间美感;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SgE0dskKOos4SSxkTotcmaE0nxh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、 技术性设计原则:一是比例尺度关系;二是材料应用和施工配合的关系;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Kca2d2AoQoawAqxMF82cmPaJnrd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、 经济性设计原则:以最小的消耗达 到所需目的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Q44SdqqIeoykoUxQb8icmnZBnJb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"学习资料推荐","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DGkWdKemsoqseAxv44VcGuaWnCC"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"学习室内设计需要购买一些专门的学习教材,然后再配合视频教程系统学习,这样才能学的比较好。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Akc8dmq2qoymS0xATksc8snun7d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"教材:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"P6sUd2SmMo0ciCxe6sFczresnGf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、《色彩构成》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JOYkd6yKmo2GWyxYRcDcr4J5nNc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、《设计准则:成为自己的室内设计师》作者:伊莱恩·格里芬","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OOsudaaQQoGq8Kx2tg1cT4BFnld"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"本书内容:这本书讲述了许多不同的思维方式和习惯,不断地挑战你既定的认知。她分享了专业设计师设计每个房间用到的设计原则、尺寸、比例和道理,这些秘密很难在实践中学会","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Fec6duW4woEisaxoFg9cyaHCnDb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、《室内设计师专用协调色搭配手册》作者:艾莉斯·芭珂丽","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AOUEdcKqQoeOq2xe8IbcZyRgntT"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这篇实用指南为你提供200种经典配色方案。它将教你如何创造一个安静的卧室,宽敞的生活区和明亮、通风的厨房,探索哪些微妙的颜色组合可以唤起不同的情绪,创造不同的氛围。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ImYSdYaMio8O08xCurjcJ2WFnRg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、《室内设计资料集》作者:张启曼,郑树阳","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Q0YadYaOMoAkqCx4fGycgoZNnRf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"本书汇集了中央工艺美术学院环境艺术设计系30多年的教学和设计实践经验。它从艺术与技术的角度出发,既有丰富的理论指导,又有丰富的实践设计,包含了对国内外有很大参考价值的室内设计资料。是国内最全面、系统、实用的室内设计专业大型工具书。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Mk0IdMQO2oiScsxIUFNcAUfvnsb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"视频课程:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XUkWdGIEgooYUMx6WFBcBqeHnvg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"室内设计零基础入门教程","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1mx411d7Zn/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1mx411d7Zn/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Haqcdcgi2oSui2xKKkxcj3XAn3n"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"cad室内设计施工图教程【全集】","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1dC4y1H7fZ/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1dC4y1H7fZ/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"S6E8dYG8coyQkCxGCkWc2b6Hnzf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"彻底学会3DMAX","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Xa411T74r/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Xa411T74r/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UqQIdWm2WoacasxaiGqcWeFCnJg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"除了以上的学习方法,我们还可以通过专门的室内设计资源网站资进行学习,如我要自学网、网易云课堂、Houzz、建E室内设计网、一兜糖、拓者设计吧、美间、中国设计联盟等等","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DkSsd4YGYowW4ixkj8Pc85EfnEh"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E2. CJ46钻井平台
win7家庭高级版激活密钥如下:
PPBK3-M92CH-MRR9X-34Y9P-7CH2F Q8JXJ-8HDJR-X4PXM-PW99R-KTJ3H 8489X-THF3D-BDJQR-D27PH-PJ3HC TWF78-W7H8T-KXD8C-YDFCQ-HK4WG BFTWY-X2PJR-VJP8V-KGBPJ-FWBMP RHVHB-VYF67-9FT4M-2WXR8-P3C6R 38CGD-Q6RHB-37BVW-Y3XK7-3CJVC 86GG2-DBVT6-KYQQ6-XFK9R-896MF 4CBPF-W7GXG-J4J8F-GHG79-Q9YT8
win7家庭基本版激活密钥如下: P4DBR-8YPT6-KHRB8-6T7RW-GMXGV FGTCF-8JBG2-4BK4G-36JWB-PFQXB CW4KD-MK47X-JYQ7Y-DKKTR-86TH7 37X8Q-CJ46F-RB8XP-GJ6RK-RHYT7 GDK6B-87QP9-F9WYK-PP327-BQ622 72C8D-KQ9Y4-FGBCD-WY9WG-BD92C GV7X4-92M4D-6F69V-RFGP9-3FBBD 4JCWB-FVHJJ-XCPKC-CTWDP-QQQ9M WXM3Y-H2GDY-TKFQH-6GQQF-7VG8P
win7专业版激活密钥如下:
HWRFF-2FFYX-XFXP2-DYFC3-BX3B7 YT9K9-4R938-3TVXX-3Q3QT-9HBXM C3X7Y-R6WWH-BRXRD-FY84C-FXWHK XJBR4-M42Q4-QPJ9C-BRDRJ-KHPVY TF3Q7-YYP8R-D78R7-W9Q9M-DXVBK J8D39-J2WM3-6368H-JV8G9-BYJJQ P3H89-V3P2R-JVBTF-YM2J2-FTMT3 RGM4T-3VT6B-GTYPY-3FHP2-HV2YJ TTY4D-RDKK9-TYB2T-68WJW-M69KJ
3. 钻井平台大小
为了勘探与开采蕴藏在地层深处的石油和天然气,人们必须利用各种钻井设备与工具,钻穿坚硬而复杂的地层,这便是钻井工作的主要任务。为了满足我国石油工业飞速发展的需要,必须多打井、快打井、打好井,实现钻井速度翻番。为此,在充分调动人的积极因素的同时,还必须为钻井工作者提供先进的、性能良好的钻井设备与工具,充分利用现代科学技术为石油钻井工作服务。
钻井设备及工具包括地面钻井设备(石油钻机)以及钻头、钻柱等。
一、石油钻机1.钻机的组成现代石油钻机是一套大型联合机组。图5-2所示为旋转钻井的基本设备。根据钻井工艺中钻进,洗井,起、下钻具等工序的需要,一套钻机必须具备下列系统和设备:
图5-2 钻井设备
(1)起升系统。用于起、下钻具,更换钻头,下套管等作业。
(2)旋转系统。用于带动钻具旋转,破碎岩石,加深井眼。
(3)循环系统。用于循环钻井液以清洗井底,携出已被破碎的岩屑,保证连续钻进。
(4)动力设备。驱动绞车、转盘、钻井泵等工作机的动力设备,多用柴油机,也有部分钻机由交流或直流电动机驱动。
(5)传动系统。主要任务是把动力设备的能量传递和分配给各工作机。
(6)控制系统。为了指挥各系统协调地进行工作,在整套钻机中还装有各种控制设备,如机械、液动或电控制装置,配备有集中控制台和观测记录仪表等。
(7)底座。包括钻台底座、机房底座和钻井泵底座等。
(8)辅助设备。一般包括井口防喷装置、空气压缩设备、辅助发电设备、辅助起重设备、井口工具及活动房屋等。
2.井口工具为了起、下钻具和旋卸钻具,需要使用吊钳、吊卡和卡瓦等手动井口工具。
吊钳由几个镶有牙板的钳头和钳柄组成,它们之间用铰链互相连接。吊钳用来旋卸钻杆、钻铤等组成钻柱的各类下井工具的连接丝扣。吊钳都是内外两把(一正一反)成对使用,用猫头绳来旋扣。
吊卡用来悬持、提升和下放钻柱。吊卡的内径比钻杆外径略大,但比钻杆接头的外径小。工作时卡住钻柱接头,以便进行起、下钻。
当旋接或卸开钻柱时,位于井内的那段钻柱必须暂时悬挂在转盘上。装入转盘补心中的卡瓦是用来卡住钻杆并悬持钻柱的。
随着深井、硬地层及海洋钻井数量的迅速增加,起、下钻操作的工作量显著增加。用上述手动井口工具旋卸丝扣体力消耗大、工效低、又不安全,迫切需要改进。目前,已有多种形式的动力大钳和动力卡瓦广泛用于钻井生产中。加快了起、下钻速度,减轻了工人的劳动强度,为进一步实现钻井工作的全盘机械化、自动化打下了基础。
3.井口防喷器钻开高压油气层时有可能发生井喷,引起严重事故。为了在井喷发生时能控制井内钻井液和油、气、水的喷出,通常在钻台下面安装防喷器。目前国内外生产的钻机上都配备整套较完善的防喷器系统。如图5-3所示为压力等级在21~34MPa的防喷器组合。
图5-3 井口防喷器组示意图
一般每台钻机配备3~4套防喷器,如闸板防喷器、旋转防喷器和万能防喷器等。闸板防喷器有单闸板、双闸板和三闸板三种。闸板的结构又有盲闸板、孔闸板和剪刀闸板三种。孔闸板的芯子中心有孔,钻井过程中发生井喷时,可将钻柱与套管之间的环形空间封闭,防止井内的钻井液、油、气、水喷出,也称为钻杆防喷器。盲闸板防喷器也称为全封闭防喷器,其芯子可直接把井口封闭,用于井口无钻杆的情况下。剪刀闸板可以在紧急情况下剪断井中的管子,以保证井口安全。旋转防喷器的结构特点是:其橡胶芯子可以在抱紧钻杆的情况下随钻杆一起旋转,从而可以在封闭钻杆与套管环形空间的同时,满足边喷边钻的工艺要求。万能防喷器的胶皮芯子能在几秒钟内对任何钻具进行封闭,争取宝贵的抢险时间。
当钻机上配备有闸板防喷器、旋转防喷器和万能防喷器三类防喷器时,它们既可以单独使用,也可以重叠使用,可以实现边喷边钻,不压井起、下钻和反循环钻井等钻井新工艺。大多数防喷器都配有手动和液动两套控制装置,以便在紧急情况下远距离控制。
二、钻具在钻井中除必须配备一整套的地面钻井设备外,还要配备一系列井下钻井工具。包括钻井时下入井内的钻头、钻柱、井下动力钻具、取心工具以及一些辅助钻井工具(如事故处理工具)等。井下钻井工具简称为钻具。
钻柱是从钻头到地面全部管柱的总称。钻柱是连通地面与地下的枢纽,是实现优质快速钻井的重要手段和工具。随着钻井深度的不断增加,钻井工艺技术不断发展,对钻柱的性能要求也越来越高。目前,已广泛使用具有防斜、防震、防卡等作用,由一种或数种钻具组合而成的复合钻柱。这种复合钻柱与不同的工艺措施相互配合,可以控制井斜的变化、改善钻头的工作状态、减少卡钻事故,进而获得多方面的综合效益。
钻柱的使用贯穿于钻井作业的全过程,因此钻柱的作用有:(1)起下钻头;(2)施加钻压;(3)传递动力;(4)输送钻井液。钻柱在井下工况复杂、环境恶劣,往往是钻井设备和工具中的薄弱环节。正确选配钻柱、合理使用好钻柱,对于提高钻井速度、降低钻井成本有着不可忽视的重要意义。
钻柱由多种不同的钻具组成。其组成方式随钻井条件和钻井方法不同而有区别。组成钻柱的基本钻具包括钻铤、钻杆、方钻杆和配合接头。
1.钻铤钻铤又叫做加重钻杆。在钻井时,钻铤下面与钻头相连,用自身的重力给钻头施加压力。钻铤的特点是壁厚、强度和刚度大,受压后不易弯曲,因而有利于钻直井眼。
2.钻杆钻杆连接在钻铤和方钻杆之间。钻杆的两端装有相互连接用的接头。钻井工人习惯称单根钻杆为“单根”,2~3根钻杆连在一起时称之为“立根”。
钻杆的壁厚比钻铤薄。钻杆在井内旋转时与井壁摩擦而不断磨损,在拉、压与扭转力的作用下有时会出现折断事故。近年来,已广泛使用对焊接头钻杆和高强度铝合金钻杆等,从而减轻了钻柱重力,减少了钻杆的折断事故。
3.方钻杆方钻杆连接在钻柱的最上部,它的多边形截面与转盘中的方补心内孔相配合。方钻杆进入转盘后只能上下移动,因此在转盘旋转时,就能带动钻杆、钻铤和钻头旋转钻进。为了避免接单根后方钻杆入不了转盘,方钻杆的长度一般比钻杆长2~3m。
4.配合接头由于组成钻柱的钻具种类、尺寸和扣型不同,因此一般不能直接相互连接,需要使用配合接头才能连接成统一和谐的钻柱。
综上所述,钻铤、钻杆、方钻杆和配合接头等几种钻具构成了基本的钻柱。随着钻井工艺技术的发展,在钻井中除使用上述基本钻柱外,还研究开发出一系列能进一步提高钻井工作指标的复合钻柱。使用最广泛的是基本钻柱加三器(扶正器、减振器和震击器)构成的复合钻柱。钻具组成如图5-4所示。
图5-4 钻具组成示意
1—水龙头;2—配合接头;3—方钻杆;4—保护接头;5—钻杆;6—钻铤;7—配合接头;8—钻铤;9—钻头5.扶正器要用好钻头、提高钻速,就要强化钻井措施。一般情况下,钻压加得过大就会引起井斜。在钻井实践中往往根据地层的不同性质和防斜要求,用扶正器构成多种防斜钻柱。通常要使用好几个扶正器:下扶正器紧接在钻头之上,中扶正器距钻头约十几米。钻进时,扶正器与井壁接触,对钻头起扶正和导向作用。为了保证扶正器能较好地接触与支承井壁,其外径要尽可能接近钻头直径。
加用扶正器构成的防斜钻柱若设计和使用恰当,可以防斜,使井眼规则,保证钻头平稳工作,提高工作指标。实践证明,这些防斜措施是行之有效的。
6.减振器减振器能吸收钻井过程中所产生的冲击和振动负荷,从而提高钻头的使用寿命,减轻钻铤以及其他井下钻具的疲劳。减振器一般都装在靠近钻头的地方。
减振器的最主要构件是减振元件。有各种类型的减振元件:不锈钢网柱、橡胶筒、钢蝶形盘、钢弹簧及可压缩介质(水垫或气垫)等。有些减振器只能吸收垂直振动,而另一些减振器可以同时吸收垂直和扭转振动。
国外从20世纪50年代开始研究减振器,60年代推广使用,取得了明显的效益。
7.震击器由于普遍使用小间隙的扶正器、满眼钻具等防斜钻柱以及减振器等特殊钻具,增加了卡钻的可能性,尤其是在复杂地层中。国外很早就使用震击器,不仅仅把它作为打捞和处理卡钻事故的常用工具之一,而且在地层测试、取心钻进、侧钻、套铣等作业和正常钻进时也在钻柱中装接震击器。震击器的结构类型很多,有机械的和水力的等。它们都是采用一定的结构,在钻柱受拉作弹性伸长时积存弹性能量,当拉到一定位置时突然释放能量使震击器发生震击动作,震动被卡的下部钻柱以达到解卡目的。
三、钻头油气埋藏在地下,为了寻找油气,取得地下资源,必须大量地破碎岩石、钻穿地层。现在的钻井方法主要是用机械方法破碎岩石。破碎岩石的工具就称为钻头。
钻头是破碎岩石、形成井眼的主要工具。钻头的性能直接影响着钻井速度、钻井质量与钻井成本。如果能少用钻头迅速钻完一口井,那将会使整个钻进过程中的起、下钻次数减少,建井速度加快,钻井成本降低。因此,制造具有高破碎效率、坚固耐用的钻头,选择和使用好钻头,就具有特别重要的意义。
由于钻头所破碎的岩石性质不同、钻井目的和要求不同,在石油钻井中会使用多种不同类型的钻头,如刮刀钻头、牙轮钻头和金刚石钻头等。使用最广泛的是牙轮钻头,多用于中硬和坚硬地层以及深井中。刮刀钻头在我国一些高塑性、软地层的油田也有突出的地位。金刚石钻头在极硬地层和深井中使用效果较好。随着钻井技术的发展,钻头的类型和结构也在不断发展和改进。20世纪70年代以后,出现了以人造金刚石为切削元件的钻头。多年的现场使用效果已经证明,这种钻头具有很好的发展远景。
1.刮刀钻头刮刀钻头是旋转钻井中最早使用的一种钻头。这种钻头结构简单、制造方便,各油田都能自己设计和制造。刮刀钻头适用于钻松软的地层(如泥岩、页岩和泥质胶结的砂岩等地层),可以取得很高的机械钻速和钻头进尺。但是,在钻硬且研磨性高的地层时,刀片吃入困难、钻头磨损快、机械钻速低,有时还出现憋跳现象,对钻具和设备寿命有一定的影响。尽管如此,只要我们正确使用,充分发挥刮刀钻头在软地层中钻进的优势,对提高钻井速度、降低钻井成本仍然是有效的。
20世纪70年代以后,我国开始研制和使用人造金刚石刮刀钻头。这种钻头刀翼的几何形状基本上与硬质合金镶块刮刀钻头相同,只是将部分硬质合金块换成了人造聚晶金刚石镶块。由于金刚石的耐磨性高于硬质合金,可以增加钻头的使用时间,延长钻头寿命,提高单只钻头进尺,创造出许多先进的钻井指标。
2.牙轮钻头牙轮钻头是石油钻井中使用最广泛的钻头。牙轮钻头旋转时具有冲击、压碎和剪切破碎岩石的作用。牙齿与井底的接触面积小、比压高,工作扭矩小,工作刃总长度大。因而使牙轮钻头能适用于多种性质的岩石。常用的三牙轮钻头如图5-5所示。
图5-5 三牙轮钻头
目前,国内各钻头厂根据生产现场需要,不断引进先进技术,使牙轮钻头的生产在品种、数量和质量方面都得到很大的提高,已初步建立了国产牙轮钻头的产品系列。
根据牙齿的特征,将三牙轮钻头产品分为铣齿钻头和镶齿钻头两大类。其中铣齿钻头有六个系列,镶齿钻头有两个系列。
in、6in等规格的钻头。国外钻头系列十分繁杂,这里不做介绍。
3.金刚石钻头以金刚石做工作刃的钻头称为金刚石钻头。金刚石钻头早期是在地质钻探中使用,在石油钻井中使用只有四十多年的历史,最初只用在极硬地层和研磨性大的地层。近年来,金刚石钻头品种增加,使用范围扩大。从极软地层到极硬地层均可使用,并取得了满意的效果。
金刚石钻头的结构比较简单,主要由金刚石、胎体、钢体和接头等四部分组成,如图5-6所示。
图5-6 金刚石钻头
1—钢体;2—胎体;3—金刚石;4—接头接头上部有用于连接钻柱的丝扣。钢体与接头之间也用丝扣连接,然后焊死形成一体。钢体下部与胎体烧结在一起。胎体是固定金刚石的母体,由带粘结剂的碳化钨粉制成,中间有水眼,底面有水槽,侧面开有排屑槽。
聚晶金刚石切削块钻头是20世纪70年代后期美国钻井工业的一项重要成就。这种钻头的切削块是用人造金刚石单晶在高温高压下聚合而成的聚晶体。钻进时,聚晶体不断剥落,新的锋锐小晶体不断出露,因而能使切削块在磨损过程中不断地“自锐”。其切削刃是锋利、高耐磨、能够“自锐”的金刚石切削块,因此能在低钻压下取得高进尺(为牙轮钻头的4~6倍)和高钻速(为牙轮钻头的2倍以上)。聚晶金刚石切削块钻头有聚晶金刚石复合片钻头(简称PDC钻头)、热稳定聚晶金刚石钻头(简称TSP钻头或BDC钻头,也称巴拉斯钻头)、马赛克钻头和大复合片PDC钻头。
PDC钻头切削块上的聚晶金刚石复合片极薄极硬,比碳化钨底层的抗磨性高100倍以上。钻头工作时,由于碳化钨比复合片磨损得快,使复合片随时裸露出保持锐利的刃口。在较低的钻压下即可切入岩石,并在扭矩的作用下切削岩石。由于切削块可以“自锐”,这就使整个钻进过程中钻头以切削方式破碎岩石,从而能实现快速钻进。PDC钻头适用于软至中硬地层。
巴拉斯钻头的切削块是耐温1200℃的热稳定聚晶人造金刚石。热稳定聚晶金刚石切削块可制成三角体形、立方体形、圆柱体形和针状等多种几何形态。巴拉斯钻头以剪切和研磨方式破碎岩石,适合在中硬到硬地层使用,曾经获得过很好的钻井指标。四川川东地区的试验结果表明:用这种钻头在某些地层中钻进,比XHP5型三牙轮钻头平均钻头进尺提高2~4倍、机械钻速提高20%~40%、纯钻井成本下降10%~12%。
马赛克钻头既有热稳定聚晶块的耐高温性质,又兼有复合片的切削能力。
目前,天然金刚石钻头和大复合片PDC钻头在油田使用较多,能获得满意的经济效益。
4. 中国自升式钻井平台
移动式平台:坐底式平台、自升式平台、钻井船、半潜式平台、张力腿式平台、牵索塔式平台。
(2)固定式平台:导管架式平台、混凝土重力式平台、深水顺应塔式平台。就是这样5. 钻井钻具容积
螺杆钻具属于石油钻采设备。螺杆钻具是一种以钻井液为动力,把液体压力能转为机械能的容积式井下动力钻具。
当泥浆泵泵出的泥浆流经旁通阀进入马达,在马达的进、出口形成一定的压力差,推动转子绕定子的轴线旋转,并将转速和扭矩通过万向轴和传动轴传递给钻头,从而实现钻井作业。
6. cj 46型自升式钻井平台的最大钻井深度为
中国于1969年开始使用钻井法,已钻凿30多个井筒,最大钻进直径达8.8m。最大钻井深度达508.6m。本法在掘进和支护两个主要工序上实现了凿井综合机械化和一定程度的自动化,工人不下井操作,作业安全,劳动生产率高。近年在采矿、交通、军工与水工等工程中广泛应用。
7. cj46钻井平台参数
随着瑜伽市场的不断扩大,瑜伽爱好者数量的极速增长,一时间各式各样的瑜伽馆遍地开花,瑜伽师迅速发展成一个独立的新职业。更是让瑜伽教练市场供不应求。如何考取教练证,下面我们一起来看一下吧。
证书类型
瑜伽资格证书分为两种,一种是官方证书,另一种是普通证书,是由各个较大的瑜伽馆自行发放的。
1、官方证书:该证书需由该联盟认证学校 (RYS) 颁发才有效。取得该证书的老师可以在美国瑜伽联盟的官网上进行注册。而如今该证书被瑜伽界广泛认可,不仅在美国通用,也成为国际通行的瑜伽教师资格证书。
2、普通证书:是由各个较大的瑜伽馆自行发放的RYS证书。这类证书虽有一定的含金量,但市场认可度及含金量远不及全美瑜伽联盟颁发的证书,两种证书考试内容也不相同。
报考条件
官方证书
初中级瑜伽师
1、学历:高中或中专以上。
2、身体健康、具有良好的身体柔韧性及良好的职业素质。
3、有一定的瑜伽自修基础或者已经在其他瑜伽培训机构或专业瑜伽馆经过系统训练过的优先考虑。
4、具有体育、体操、舞蹈、医学、营养学、心理学、师范教育类从业经历或相关专业背景的报名者将优先考虑。民间机构瑜伽证书,俗称行业证书。头衔都比较大的,包装比较花哨,多为学校自己制作的证书。
高级瑜伽师
1、大专以上学历或者已经取得《初级瑜伽师》证书者。
2、取得各类中高级瑜伽教练证书(瑜伽教练、瑜伽导师等)、修练瑜伽3年以上、从事瑜伽教学工作1年以上者。
普通证书
1、学历:需要高中或中专以上。
2、需要考生身体健康、具有良好的身体柔韧性及良好的职业素质。
3、有一定的瑜伽自修基础或者已经在其他瑜伽培训机构或专业瑜伽馆经过系统训练过的。
报名方式
官方证书
1、搜索并登录全国健身瑜伽指导委员会http://www.chinayogasport.org/,点击右下方的报名通道选项。
2、选择页面中的高级教练员报名通道选项。
3、然后选择你要报名考试的时间就可以了。
普通证书
是由各个瑜伽场馆自己的教培项目,完成之后颁发的证书;推荐的机构:比如禅逸瑜伽、梵羽国际瑜伽、FineYoga梵音瑜伽等。
考试内容
初级阶段
理论内容
瑜伽师职业素养、瑜伽概论、瑜伽生理解剖学、瑜伽体位(初级、中级、高级)、瑜伽功法、瑜伽理疗、瑜伽营养等课程。
体位内容
将会系统地学习瑜伽经典体位法,其中包括“前屈、背屈、脊椎转动,站立平衡、倒立六大类”,带领学员亲身体验洁净功,例如:鼻腔的清洁、肠道的清洁、断食法,同时学习更多样的调息法、收束法、契合法,将全面了解冥想术。
中级阶段
以瑜伽理论实践为主,体位法为辅。
理论内容
主要考察鼻腔的清洁、肠道的清洁、断食法,同时考试更多样的调息法、收束法、契合法,是否全面了解冥想术。
体位内容
在体位法教授过程中能否以倒立、支撑为主,学习运用所学到的体位,编排课程并相互循环讲解。
高级阶段
高级体位,以课程编排、授课技巧为主,让每位学员具备成为瑜伽教练的素质和能力。
备考建议
考前培训
去参加一些专业化的培训,有了整个专业的培训之后,后续的一些考试的过程才会变得更有保障,让自己的技术不断的提升。
如何选择学校
1、选择学校,其实主要是看这个老师的资质,报班之前最好和她们沟通一下,了解一下老师的资历。
2、全职学习还是周末学习,建议全职学习,而且尽量不要赶在暑假班,因为暑期人会特别多,老师精力有限。
3、考瑜伽证之前,虽然很多学校都是宣传零基础就可以,但是建议有一定的基础再去学习这个证,因为只有有一定基础才可以做到一些高体位。
工具准备
1、准备好自己的瑜伽垫、辅具、瑜伽服。虽然培训机构都有准备瑜伽垫,辅具,但是我的经验还是用自己的,毕竟瑜伽垫非常重要,自己用自己平常喜欢的、习惯的,习练起来才会特别顺畅。而且瑜伽培训强度会比较大,会出很多汗,用公用的垫子也会存在一些卫生的问题。当然也可以准备铺巾,但是我觉得铺巾的质感没有瑜伽垫好。辅具也是差不多的道理,还是用自己的更习惯一些,也更卫生一些。这些东西平常练习也都是有用到的。
2、准备好本子和笔:本子最好有个分栏,可以左边画体式,右边记口令,这样看起来也很方便;笔最好准备两三个颜色的中性笔,画小人和划重点都是需要的。
考前练习
呼吸调整
1、瑜伽深呼吸是整个瑜伽操系统的基础部分。所有的瑜伽操动作都必须建立在深呼吸的基础上,所以,在考试学习各种瑜伽姿势之前,瑜伽强调有必要先学会瑜伽深呼吸,也就是说,一切动作都必须从深呼吸运动开始。
2、所谓瑜伽深呼吸,就是指集中意识,一口一口地深深地吸进新鲜空气的一种腹式深呼吸。瑜伽说深呼吸是改善身体健康的第一步。
3、与此相反,浅呼吸则是造成许多疾病的重要原因。瑜伽说要是没有适当的新鲜氧气,人们的身体就会变的呆滞、懒散,体内的废物就不能顺利地排泄出去,以致脸黄肌瘦,感到疲倦和不舒服。作为全身指挥部的大脑,比身体其他部分更需要氧气,如果氧气供应不足,大脑就不能进行有效的活动,甚至变得昏沉、迟钝。
4、呼吸是人类的本能活动,但并不是每个人都能用正确的方式来进行呼吸,尤其是年龄越来越大时。瑜伽介绍正确的呼吸方法是:用鼻孔缓缓地深吸气,而后再用鼻孔缓缓地呼气。用鼻孔来呼吸可使空气在到达肺部以前经过鼻腔的过滤而变得湿润、温暖和干净。吐过用憋紧的鼻腔急骤地吸气,然后又用嘴迅速地呼气,那就是一种不正确的呼吸方法。
5、要注意的是,人们如果希望身体各系统有效地起作用,不仅需要恰当地把新鲜空气吸入肺部,而把肺部的二氧化碳尽量呼出也同样重要。肺里如果遗留有废物,就无法填进充足的新鲜氧气。因此,瑜伽强调在练习深呼吸是,既要注意吸气,也要注意呼气。
考前饮食注意
1、瑜伽的体位动作是以人体脊柱为中心,进行前后左右的伸展和挤压练习,如果胃部负担过重会在练习的过程中产生恶心、头痛、胸闷的现象,严重的甚至会出现呕吐。
2、饱腹时不可以练习瑜伽,过饥时也不可以练习,不饥不饱刚刚好才是身体的最佳状态。可以在练习前1~2小时食用一些易于消化的流体食物,也可以少吃些水果、蔬菜,喝些牛奶补充能量即可。
证书查询
登录国际瑜伽教练协会证书查询系统http://www.checkinyoga.com/,输入证书编号,姓名即可查询。
%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"随着瑜伽市场的不断扩大,瑜伽爱好者数量的极速增长,一时间各式各样的瑜伽馆遍地开花,瑜伽师迅速发展成一个独立的新职业。更是让瑜伽教练市场供不应求。如何考取教练证,下面我们一起来看一下吧。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOvNglITIFA4s44T7KGAuUb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"证书类型","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnexrt52NN1hIy3m5Cic1noe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":536,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"证书类型","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e9217d1fe08c45739aeeb26c460e4181","width":686},"text":"","id":"doxcnkhlIGK1K5LCsGUuaUe8CLb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"瑜伽资格证书分为两种","id":""},{"type":"text","text":",一种是官方证书,另一种是普通证书,是由各个较大的瑜伽馆自行发放的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnnHm7nBOalQ9YZBqUB83y2f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、官方证书:该证书需由该联盟认证学校 (RYS) 颁发才有效。取得该证书的老师可以在美国瑜伽联盟的官网上进行注册。而如今该证书被瑜伽界广泛认可,不仅在美国通用,也成为国际通行的瑜伽教师资格证书。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuWtTEEOLD17FcndacUNUfc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、普通证书:是由各个较大的瑜伽馆自行发放的RYS证书。这类证书虽有一定的含金量,但市场认可度及含金量远不及全美瑜伽联盟颁发的证书,两种证书考试内容也不相同。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUyNSVWfA8pU08qF8TdktOf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"报考条件","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcns6RnRrwYtf71CFtnigtyQb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"官方证书","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn9jS74ynXZxG7XyenncnVkh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"初中级瑜伽师","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnHgWg4XTgwhRuBAGrFqK3fg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、学历:高中或中专以上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSoIqyjumwbjA9BSVleImkr"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、身体健康、具有良好的身体柔韧性及良好的职业素质。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsdYw1dZnCGJGqmu0VH46Fg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、有一定的瑜伽自修基础或者已经在其他瑜伽培训机构或专业瑜伽馆经过系统训练过的优先考虑。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOrs28jldxsp0yidnPGHlbb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"具有体育、体操、舞蹈、医学、营养学、心理学、师范教育类从业经历或相关专业背景的报名者将优先考虑。民间机构瑜伽证书,俗称行业证书。头衔都比较大的,包装比较花哨,多为学校自己制作的证书。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEcbpvPYDkAlq9BkbR2cJme"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"高级瑜伽师","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnXfYe5cWCyNQnmeocUTeV1c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、大专以上学历或者已经取得《初级瑜伽师》证书者。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnprYw0QI57QkHhD3txc306b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、取得各类中高级瑜伽教练证书(瑜伽教练、瑜伽导师等)、修练瑜伽3年以上、从事瑜伽教学工作1年以上者。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcndbz3cwmIu6pCf12bbmUrre"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"普通证书","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnbUPECM6WNML9HFDOicBz0b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、学历:需要高中或中专以上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngvfNeze0RxRrzhYt9nxSdu"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、需要考生身体健康、具有良好的身体柔韧性及良好的职业素质。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwN0rN6x3DfEZiDWbXUh0sb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、有一定的瑜伽自修基础或者已经在其他瑜伽培训机构或专业瑜伽馆经过系统训练过的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnusrkL0FqaddI4e3LUcy4kh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"报名方式","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2SS7RgrQq3wvzWw51N14ge"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"官方证书","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnx4BqigV08jXvsVO3NGMCdc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、搜索并登录全国健身瑜伽指导委员会","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"http://www.chinayogasport.org/"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"http://www.chinayogasport.org/","id":""}],"text":"","id":""},{"type":"text","text":",","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"点击右下方的报名通道选项。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQJ2U2Z8yoCExXjCFrd3DKM"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、选择页面中的高级教练员报名通道选项。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCCixQrH0RoLh2mTCDAiMbf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、然后选择你要报名考试的时间就可以了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYfQlUeHTgryrlwu6K30nQ7"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"普通证书","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIAtBjitW8HIZwQxlYIaT7e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"是由各个瑜伽场馆自己的教培项目,完成之后颁发的证书;推荐的机构:比如禅逸瑜伽、梵羽国际瑜伽、FineYoga梵音瑜伽等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnLG9ta9QcDYgApXYsRJVcUe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"考试内容","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEkT9rLd38mVUAAa99A0d4g"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"初级阶段","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneIr59GITqZufANqSVyX0Mh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"理论内容","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnn9dp0gdTb73AEBApI8fLHb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"瑜伽师职业素养、瑜伽概论、瑜伽生理解剖学、瑜伽体位(初级、中级、高级)、瑜伽功法、瑜伽理疗、瑜伽营养等课程。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqeG4MZLQSpuNDPH9P1lTNf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"体位内容","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWun5160C7oNDr7RhR7LEIf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"将会系统地学习瑜伽经典体位法,其中包括“前屈、背屈、脊椎转动,站立平衡、倒立六大类”,带领学员亲身体验洁净功,例如:鼻腔的清洁、肠道的清洁、断食法,同时学习更多样的调息法、收束法、契合法,将全面了解冥想术。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCrDbhFnlsBuipCM6oaqcId"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"中级阶段","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngy395h71o7LZub4eB7WnOe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"以瑜伽理论实践为主,体位法为辅。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnzSnQw1NFv3uOVuBRCjAcHc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"理论内容","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn7Ch3h7GLHu3rSGOHCokDkf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"主要考察鼻腔的清洁、肠道的清洁、断食法,同时考试更多样的调息法、收束法、契合法,是否全面了解冥想术。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUH8TJFhfcot2wZQsX2GU3e"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"体位内容","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAnRCEXjbXEpPzdYUeCHCgg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在体位法教授过程中能否以倒立、支撑为主,学习运用所学到的体位,编排课程并相互循环讲解。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnggry2sfgLx1vaRfhSsQeLg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"高级阶段","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnJ1imza4krXWH5yWMfGuEze"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"高级体位,以课程编排、授课技巧为主,让每位学员具备成为瑜伽教练的素质和能力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncm6bE9qAADWdozrXN9TrHl"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"备考建议","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnPzhvjXYQKNzHroEpLPoV3c"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"考前培训","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwl1AMKIRSu14O8AhnDgtgg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"去参加一些专业化的培训,有了整个专业的培训之后,后续的一些考试的过程才会变得更有保障,让自己的技术不断的提升。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCuKGjVoKjxTjEyJ2T4g3Wd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"如何选择学校","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQ64NOMaS5PM8dFVCoFI8Xe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、选择学校,其实主要是看这个老师的资质,报班之前最好和她们沟通一下,了解一下老师的资历。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqARe3j9Y4RpHSiB51Ll6fg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、全职学习还是周末学习,建议全职学习,而且尽量不要赶在暑假班,因为暑期人会特别多,老师精力有限。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOLRvM9oqlp9sVyZtAbF6Rg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、考瑜伽证之前,虽然很多学校都是宣传零基础就可以,但是建议有一定的基础再去学习这个证,因为只有有一定基础才可以做到一些高体位。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn7pkZcb2k7u5jKEQBEgCg3R"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"工具准备","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkrZCJWI2FzJpIXTRj8Urab"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、准备好自己的瑜伽垫、辅具、瑜伽服。虽然培训机构都有准备瑜伽垫,辅具,但是我的经验还是用自己的,毕竟瑜伽垫非常重要,自己用自己平常喜欢的、习惯的,习练起来才会特别顺畅。而且瑜伽培训强度会比较大,会出很多汗,用公用的垫子也会存在一些卫生的问题。当然也可以准备铺巾,但是我觉得铺巾的质感没有瑜伽垫好。辅具也是差不多的道理,还是用自己的更习惯一些,也更卫生一些。这些东西平常练习也都是有用到的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnn1gVjHWaw5t8fRXyo2Y70g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、准备好本子和笔:本子最好有个分栏,可以左边画体式,右边记口令,这样看起来也很方便;笔最好准备两三个颜色的中性笔,画小人和划重点都是需要的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnjQUl4tHf5O6G5StuAxE6sI"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"考前练习","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnl77wb9bRZw9RKpyjonRFsf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"呼吸调整","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnXpmY0uR9xooVau4Mw0BDXc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":436,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"呼吸调整","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d898036d2cf1451dba46102225611fcf","width":658},"text":"","id":"doxcn1NHsTS1jQtNnepcbOk0ZGg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、瑜伽深呼吸是整个瑜伽操系统的基础部分。所有的瑜伽操动作都必须建立在深呼吸的基础上,所以,在考试学习各种瑜伽姿势之前,瑜伽强调有必要先学会瑜伽深呼吸,也就是说,一切动作都必须从深呼吸运动开始。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnLhklOsVqUMY3B7ifjIk5Xc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、所谓瑜伽深呼吸,就是指集中意识,一口一口地深深地吸进新鲜空气的一种腹式深呼吸。瑜伽说深呼吸是改善身体健康的第一步。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcndKRhulFpxRHMRO7avQseah"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、与此相反,浅呼吸则是造成许多疾病的重要原因。瑜伽说要是没有适当的新鲜氧气,人们的身体就会变的呆滞、懒散,体内的废物就不能顺利地排泄出去,以致脸黄肌瘦,感到疲倦和不舒服。作为全身指挥部的大脑,比身体其他部分更需要氧气,如果氧气供应不足,大脑就不能进行有效的活动,甚至变得昏沉、迟钝。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnLl1Mspx0Ykmxevirs58xRi"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、呼吸是人类的本能活动,但并不是每个人都能用正确的方式来进行呼吸,尤其是年龄越来越大时。瑜伽介绍正确的呼吸方法是:用鼻孔缓缓地深吸气,而后再用鼻孔缓缓地呼气。用鼻孔来呼吸可使空气在到达肺部以前经过鼻腔的过滤而变得湿润、温暖和干净。吐过用憋紧的鼻腔急骤地吸气,然后又用嘴迅速地呼气,那就是一种不正确的呼吸方法。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneB08r8v1t7TytDcHrfMqWd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、要注意的是,人们如果希望身体各系统有效地起作用,不仅需要恰当地把新鲜空气吸入肺部,而把肺部的二氧化碳尽量呼出也同样重要。肺里如果遗留有废物,就无法填进充足的新鲜氧气。因此,瑜伽强调在练习深呼吸是,既要注意吸气,也要注意呼气。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWI40LFRkbgRtCceJRYQU7c"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"考前饮食注意","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUNN3K9CRSKpSLTFOBih7Jb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、瑜伽的体位动作是以人体脊柱为中心,进行前后左右的伸展和挤压练习,如果胃部负担过重会在练习的过程中产生恶心、头痛、胸闷的现象,严重的甚至会出现呕吐。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnogXEt3ekWM5FB2rCKSAFTd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、饱腹时不可以练习瑜伽,过饥时也不可以练习,不饥不饱刚刚好才是身体的最佳状态。可以在练习前1~2小时食用一些易于消化的流体食物,也可以少吃些水果、蔬菜,喝些牛奶补充能量即可。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnccS1SFBXLXODTKVfp1izvb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"证书查询","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmR6n9dXFbFcnauiODGsBpf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":987,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"证书查询","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/fbf554e98dac4a64a016311d40a306f2","width":658},"text":"","id":"doxcnteGIlu1KISVzWSgikCXVJh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"登录国际瑜伽教练协会证书查询系统","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"http://www.checkinyoga.com/"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"http://www.checkinyoga.com/","id":""}],"text":"","id":""},{"type":"text","text":",输入证书编号,姓名即可查询。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnL9gOqlxqlOIS5zVdUqKKDd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnlmhotTb2sRrx8r3KZsSC5e"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E